lect 10- cardiovascular system

Question 1

what layer of the heart wall is composed of endothelial cells, connective tissue, and smooth muscle cells, as well as purkinje fibers

Answer 1

endocardium

Question 2

what heart wall layer is the principle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac tissue.

Answer 2

myocardium

Question 3

compare the myocardium in the atria to the ventriucles

Answer 3

atria is thinner than ventricles

Question 4

what is another name for the visceral layer of serous pericardium

Answer 4

epicardium

Question 5

what layer of the heart wall is adhered to the outer surface of the heart, and contains the blood vessels and nerves that supply the heart

Answer 5

epicardium

Question 6

what is the base of the fibrous pericardium attached to

Answer 6

central tendon of diaphragm

Question 7

what is the anterior part of the fibrous pericardium attached to

Answer 7

sternopericardial ligaments

Question 8

what is the fibrous pericardium innervated by

Answer 8

phrenic nerve

Question 9

what vessels mainly supply the fibrous pericardium

Answer 9

Right and left pericardiophrenic vessels

Question 10

what does the parietal pericardium line

Answer 10

the inner surface of the pericardial cavity

Question 11

what is the pericardial cavity lined by

Answer 11

mesothelial cells

Question 12

how much serous fluid is contained in the pericardial cavity

Answer 12

15-50mL

Question 13

what cells produce the lubricating fluid contained in the pericardial cavity

Answer 13

mesothelial cells

Question 14

what type of epithelium do the mesothelial cells have

Answer 14

squamous-like epithelium

Question 15

what is the pacemaker of the heart

Answer 15

SA node

Question 16

what is the only element of the heart that can carry impulses across the fibrous skeleton

Answer 16

AV bundle

Question 17

what is the course of the heart’s electric system

Answer 17

SA node to AV node to bundle of his to purkinje fibers

Question 18

what artery is then alpha 1 contained in

Answer 18

pulmonary artery

Question 19

what action does alpha one cause

Answer 19

constriction

Question 20

what is beta 2 very important for

Answer 20

relaxations

Question 21

what does sympathetic influence of the heart arise from

Answer 21

spinal cord levels of T1-T4/6

Question 22

where do the sympathetics synapse and terminate for the heart

Answer 22

synapse in celiac ganglia and terminate in SA and AV nodes

Question 23

what hormone causes increase in heart rate

Answer 23

norepinephrine

Question 24

what is parasympathetic influence of cardiac innervation provided by

Answer 24

vagus nerve

Question 25

where do postsynaptic fibers of the cardiac innervation terminate

Answer 25

at SA and AV nodes

Question 26

what hormone do the parasympathetic influence fibers secrete

Answer 26

acetylcholine

Question 27

what does acetylcholine do to the heart rate

Answer 27

decrease it (bradycardia)

Question 28

what secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 28

adrenal medulla

Question 29

what does activation of beta1 receptors cause an increase force of

Answer 29

contraction (inotropic effect) and rate (chronotropic effect)

Question 30

what are the high pressure receptors located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arches

Answer 30

baroreceptors

Question 31

what are the low pressure receptors located in the walls of atria, provide information of cardiac distension

Answer 31

volume receptors

Question 32

what are aortic and carotid bodies located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and aortic arch that monitor oxygen, CO2, and pH

Answer 32

chemoreceptors

Question 33

what does ADH do

Answer 33

increases pressure because it is an anti-diuretic (eventually increases pressure because more water is retained)

Question 34

what is the loose connective tissue layer on the atrial side of the valve, loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers. it is involved in diminishing vibrations with valve closure

Answer 34

spongiosa

Question 35

what is the core of the heart valve, extensions of skeletal rings

Answer 35

fibrosa

Question 36

what is the part of the heart valve that is covered with endothelium, contains many layers of dense connective tissue and elastic fibers. it lines surface adjacent to the ventricle.

Answer 36

ventricularis

Question 37

what is the ventricular continuous with in the AV valves

Answer 37

chord tendinae

Question 38

describe the tunica intimate of vascular walls

Answer 38

layer of squamous epithelial cells, basal lamina and sub endothelial layer

Question 39

what is the main component of the tunica intima

Answer 39

endothelium

Question 40

describe the tunica media of vasculature walls

Answer 40

middle layer composed mainly of rings of smooth muscle but also a varying amount of elastin

Question 41

describe the tunica adventitia of vascular walls

Answer 41

outermost layer, mostly collagenous tissue thin in arteries, thick in veins.

Question 42

what is transcellular migration

Answer 42

migration through cells

Question 43

what is paracellular migration

Answer 43

migration between cells

Question 44

how do Endothelial cells maintain nonthrombogenic barrier

Answer 44

by producing anticoagulants and antithrombogenic substances

Question 45

what does damage to endothelial cells cause the release of

Answer 45

prothrombogenic substances (von willebrand factor)

Question 46

what does sheer stress cause the ECs to do

Answer 46

produce NO, which causes vasodilation, which drops BP

Question 47

what does metabolic stress cause ECs to do

Answer 47

release prostacyclin which causes vasodilation

Question 48

what does the endothelin family cause

Answer 48

influx of calcium and muscular contraction causing vasoconstriction and raises BP

Question 49

what is the only hormone that can break down clots once coagulation has occurred

Answer 49

plasmin

Question 50

what happens when lipoproteins have been oxidized by free radicals and macrophages endocytose them

Answer 50

macrophages become foam cells that are characteristic of atheromatous plaques

Question 51

what disease may be present if foam cells occur

Answer 51

atheromatous plaques

Question 52

what are some examples of elastic arteries

Answer 52

aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, iliac arteries, left common carotid, left subclavian, pulmonary artery

Question 53

what are the flow regulators to capillaries beds

Answer 53

arterioles

Question 54

what layer of the artery is ill-defined in arterioles

Answer 54

tunica adventitia

Question 55

what layers are capillaries missing

Answer 55

tunica media and adventitia

Question 56

describe the endothelial cells in capillaries

Answer 56

single layer of endothelial cells

Question 57

why must RBCs found themselves to get through capillaries

Answer 57

because capillaries are smaller than erythrocytes

Question 58

where are continuous capillaries typically found

Answer 58

muscle, CNS, lungs

Question 59

what may surround continuous capillaries

Answer 59

pericytes

Question 60

what do pericytes respond to

Answer 60

NO

Question 61

what do pericytes provide

Answer 61

vascular supper and promote stability of capillary through physical and chemical signaling with the endothelial cells

Question 62

where are fenestrated capillaries typically found

Answer 62

endocrine glands and site of fluid and metabolite absorption

Question 63

where are discontinuous capillaries typically found

Answer 63

spleen, liver and bone marrow

Question 64

what is another name for discontinuous capillaries

Answer 64

sinusoidal capillaries

Question 65

what is the principle site of histamine and serotonin secretion

Answer 65

post capillary venue (PCVs)

Question 66

describe the shape of PCVs

Answer 66

cuboidal in shape with ovoid nucleus

Question 67

what do histamine and serotonin promote

Answer 67

vasoactive substances that promote extravasation of fluid and emigration of WBCs from vessels during inflammation and allergic reactions

Question 68

describe the relationship of small veins to PCVs

Answer 68

they are distal to PCVs

Question 69

compare tunica media of arteries to veins

Answer 69

thicker in arteries than veins

Question 70

compare tunica adventitia of arteries to veins

Answer 70

thinner in arteries than veins

Question 71

describe the tunica adventitia muscle of large veins

Answer 71

longitudinally oriented smooth muscle

Question 72

what are some examples of large veins

Answer 72

IVC, portal vein, subclavian and SVC

Question 73

what are broad spaces in the dura mater of the cranial cavity that are lined with endothelial cells but void of smooth muscle

Answer 73

venous sinuses

Question 74

how do lymphatic capillaries typically start

Answer 74

as ended tubes in the capillary beds

Question 75

what do lymphatic vessels unite to form

Answer 75

the right lymphatic trunk and the thoracic duct

Question 76

where do the lesions involved in atherosclerosis develop (what layer)

Answer 76

tunica intimate of arteries

Question 77

what is hypertension usually caused by

Answer 77

atherosclerosis

Question 78

what blood pressure do you have to be above to be considered hypertensive

Answer 78

140/90 mm Hg

Question 79

what is a sudden loss of perfusion to an area of the heart wall

Answer 79

myocardial infarction

Question 80

what is the most likely location for myocardial infarction

Answer 80

left anterior descending artery

Question 81

what is the second most likely location for myocardial infarction

Answer 81

right coronary artery

Question 82

what is the third most likely location for myocardial infarction

Answer 82

left circumflex artery