lect 9- respiratory system

Question 1

what type of epithelium is in the nasal cavity vestibule

Answer 1

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 2

what is another name for nose hairs

Answer 2

vibrissae

Question 3

what does the epithelium switch to at the end of the vestibule

Answer 3

respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

Question 4

describe goblet cells

Answer 4

secrete mucous, extends basement membrane to lumen

Question 5

describe basal cells

Answer 5

short rounded cells that sit on basement membrane, undergoes mitosis to give rise to other cell types when necessary

Question 6

what type of cells are basal cells

Answer 6

stem cells

Question 7

describe brush cells

Answer 7

extend from the basement membrane to lumen, have small microvilli which likely serve as sensory receptors as afferent nerve fibers can be found on their basal surface

Question 8

describe granule cells

Answer 8

sit on basement membrane, contain numerous dense granules, possibly part of the neuroendocrine system, regulating serous and mucous production

Question 9

describe the changed of epithelium throughout the respiratory

Answer 9

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium to squamous epithelium in alveoli

Question 10

why are ciliated cells so important

Answer 10

critical for host defense of respiratory system (via much-ciliary elevator)

Question 11

what do people with kartagener syndrome suffer from

Answer 11

lack of dynein protein (results in defective non-motile cilia)

Question 12

describe olfactory receptor cells

Answer 12

bipolar neurons spans thickness of epithelium and enters CNS

Question 13

describe supporting cells

Answer 13

tall columnar cells that act as providing support to ORCs (similar role to glial cells in nervous system)

Question 14

describe basal cells

Answer 14

stem cells to give rise to new ORCs

Question 15

describe Bowman’s (olfactory) glands

Answer 15

branched tubuloalveolar serous glands, releases secretion on to olfactory surface to clean ORCs and dissolve odorants

Question 16

what type of epithelium are paranasal sinuses lined with

Answer 16

respiratory epithelium

Question 17

what acts as the resonating chamber for phonation

Answer 17

pharynx

Question 18

what is the main role of the Eustachian tube

Answer 18

helps stabilize the tympanic membrane

Question 19

what is the organ of speech

Answer 19

larynx

Question 20

what does the epiglottic larynx do

Answer 20

prevents food from entering trachea

Question 21

what is the arytenoid involved in

Answer 21

involved with vocal cord movement

Question 22

what is the anatomical landmark of the adam’s apple

Answer 22

thyroid

Question 23

where is the vestibule of the larynx located

Answer 23

it is the area superior to the vocal cords

Question 24

what type of epithelium is in the false vocal cords/ ventricular fold

Answer 24

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 25

what type of epithelium is in the true vocal cords

Answer 25

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 26

describe the mucosa layer of the trachea

Answer 26

respiratory epithelium, elastic fiber-rich lamina propria

Question 27

describe the submucosa of the trachea

Answer 27

composed of slightly denser connective tissue

Question 28

what type of cartilage is in the cartilaginous layer of the trachea

Answer 28

hyaline

Question 29

describe the adventitia of the trachea

Answer 29

connective tissue that binds trachea to surrounding structures

Question 30

how many secondary bronchi are on each side

Answer 30

right has 3; left as 2

Question 31

how many segmental bronchi are on each side

Answer 31

right has 10; left has 8

Question 32

describe the mucosa layer of the bronchi

Answer 32

respiratory epithelium

Question 33

describe the muscularis layer of the bronchi

Answer 33

circumferential layer of smooth muscle

Question 34

describe the submucosa layer of the bronchi

Answer 34

loos connective tissue, glands present in large bronchi

Question 35

describe the cartilage layer of the bronchi

Answer 35

cartilage plates

Question 36

describe the adventitia layer of the bronchi

Answer 36

dense connective tissue that is continuous with pulmonary artery and lung parenchyma

Question 37

what is the smallest functional unit of the pulmonary ststem

Answer 37

bronchioles off the segmental bronchi

Question 38

what marks the end of the conduction portion of the respiratory system

Answer 38

bronchioles

Question 39

describe the large terminal bronchioles

Answer 39

lined with ciliated pseudo stratified or simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells may be present

Question 40

describe the small terminal bronchioles

Answer 40

lined with simple cuboidal epithelium cells, and NO goblet cells are present (Clara cells are present instead)

Question 41

where are clara cells located

Answer 41

in the small terminal bronchioles

Question 42

what do clara cells secrete

Answer 42

lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion should airway collapse during expiration

Question 43

what can secrete clara cells

Answer 43

P450

Question 44

what are respiratory bronchioles involved in

Answer 44

both air conduction and gas exchange

Question 45

what type of epithelium are respiratory bronchioles lined with

Answer 45

cuboidal epithelium

Question 46

what is the primary site for gas exchange

Answer 46

alveoli

Question 47

describe shape and diameter of alveoli

Answer 47

it is a polyhedral and is rough 200µm

Question 48

what is the surface area of alveoli

Answer 48

75 meters squared

Question 49

what is the average amount of alveoli found in each human lung

Answer 49

150-250 million alveoli

Question 50

what serve as neuroreceptors for monitoring air quality in alveoli

Answer 50

brush cells

Question 51

describe type 1 alveolar cells

Answer 51

extremely thin squamous cells, and line 95% of surface alveoli (air exchange can occur here)

Question 52

describe type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 52

line 5% of alveolar surface, tend to bulge in airspace. produce and secrete surfactant and serve as progenitors cells for type 1 alveolar cells

Question 53

what are macrophages in the alveoli

Answer 53

dust cells

Question 54

what are openings in the inter alveolar septa, allowing circulation of air from one alveoli to another

Answer 54

pores kohn

Question 55

what is the communication between terminal bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 55

canals of lambert

Question 56

what is the most critical phospholipid in surfactant

Answer 56

DPPC

Question 57

describe surfactant protein A

Answer 57

most abundant, responsible for surfactant homeostasis, modulate immune response to fungi, bacteria or virsues

Question 58

describe surfactant protein B

Answer 58

critical for absorption and spreading of surfactant

Question 59

describe surfactant protein C

Answer 59

smallest component, maintains thin fin later in alveoli

Question 60

describe surfactant protein D

Answer 60

primarily involved in host defense, binding various microorganisms

Question 61

what surfactant protein modulates allergic reaction to inhale particles

Answer 61

surfactant A and D

Question 62

what is the main problem with obstructive lung disease

Answer 62

expiration

Question 63

what is the main problem with restrictive lung disease

Answer 63

inspiration

Question 64

what is the characteristic color for chronic bronchitis

Answer 64

blue

Question 65

what is the characteristic color of emphysema

Answer 65

pink

Question 66

does CO2 increase or decrease in emphysema

Answer 66

decrease

Question 67

does CO2 increase or decrease in chronic bronchitis

Answer 67

increase

Question 68

what does pneumonia primarily affect

Answer 68

pneumonia

Question 69

what is cystic fibrosis' genetic disorder caused by

Answer 69

mutation of CFTR

Question 70

what does cystic fibrosis result in (abnormality)

Answer 70

abnormal Cl- transporter