Lect 19 to 20

Question 1

Describe Socio economic position (SEP)

Answer 1

social and economic factors that influence what positions individuals or groups hold within the structure of a society

Question 2

Describe how SEP must be measured

Answer 2

objective, measurable and meaningful

Question 3

4 key association of SEP and population health

Answer 3

SEP measures the level of inequality within or between societies

may highlight change to population structures over time

SEP is needed to help understand the relationship between health and other social variables (age, sex, ethnicity

are associated with health and life chances within social groups

Question 4

What are the 6 measures of SEP for an individual

Answer 4

Education
Income
Occupation
Housing
Assests and weath

Question 5

SEP and population measures

Answer 5

Area measures

population measures

Question 6

Describe Area measures

Answer 6

Deprivation

Access

Question 7

Describe Population measures

Answer 7

Income inequality
literacy rates
GDP per capita

Question 8

SEPS relation to the Dahlgren & Whitehead model

Answer 8

Individuals lifestyle factors

- Education, occupation and income

Question 9

State and Describe the factors of SEP that influence the Dahlgren and Whitehead model (individual lifestyle) factors)

Answer 9

The decisions you make, influence your opportunities
Education (knowledge)
Income- material goods
Occupation- status, power

Question 10

Education and SEP relation to health (individual lifestyle in the DWM

Answer 10

Education influences 
Occupation
Income
Health
Assets/ wealth

Question 11

DWM

Social and community association with SEP

Answer 11

Social and community influences
- parents education, occupation, income

Parents SEP can be associated with children SEP.

Question 12

DWM
living and working conditions measures
association with SEP

Answer 12

NZ Index of Deprivation (NZ dep)
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

Other measures:
Social fragmentation and accessibility indices

Question 13

Carrie timidly Eats saucy Olives in Invercargill quietly

State what this acronym stands

Answer 13

State the Variables included in the NZDEP

Communication
Transport
Employment

Support
Owned home

Income
Income

Qualifications

Question 14

Describe communication in terms of the NZdep

Answer 14

people ages over 65 with no access tot he internet at home

Question 15

Describe transport in terms of the NZdep

Answer 15

people with no access to a car

Question 16

Describe Employment in terms of the NZdep

Answer 16

people ages 18-64 unemployed

Question 17

Describe Support in terms of the NZdep

Answer 17

People aged under 65 living in a single parent family

Question 18

Describe Owned home in terms of the NZdep

Answer 18

people not living in own home

Question 19

Describe Income in terms of the NZdep

Answer 19

People ages 18-64 receiving a means test benefit

Question 20

Describe Income in terms of the NZdep

Answer 20

People living in controlled households with income below an income threshold

Question 21

Describe SEP and the DWM in terms of the level

Socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions

Answer 21

NZ census mortality study can be used
Global determinants include
income inequality
GDP
literacy rates
free trade agreements

Question 22

Describe the social gradient with health

Answer 22

Most deprived areas face a proportionally higher impact

Question 23

state the key sources for population health data

Answer 23

the census

Health Services and outcomes (HSU)

Integrated utilization and outcomes (IDI)

Question 24

Describe the census

Answer 24

everybody answered in 2018, and who is usual resident.

Enumeration officers contact individual households in their mesh-blocks, containing about 100 people each.

Question 25

Strength of the census

Answer 25

• Traditionally, nearly 100% coverage. - Everybody who answered census in 2013, and who is usual resident. • Data can be recoded

Question 26

weaknesses of the census

Answer 26

* Homeless, people not living in their home (on holiday) not counted. * Issues with 2018 online-first census.

Question 27

Describe the health service utilization and outcomes HSUO

Answer 27

HSU population: based on people that have used health system at least once in 12 months prior to given date e.g. census night. MoH record and report publicly funded health information e.g. hospitalisations, blood tests, pharmaceutical dispensing.

Question 28

strength of HSUO

Answer 28

Strengths: | • Based on internationally standard coded definitions for hospitalisations etc

Question 29

weakness of HSUO

Answer 29

• Doesn’t include data of operations/utilisation from the private sector, — don’t have a good picture of private sector operations e.g. surgeries. HSU population under-represents compared w/ census population as younger age group tend not to go to doctor.

Question 30

Describe the integrated data infrastructure

Answer 30

Based on people that have used health education, tax other services at least once in 12 months prior to given date e.g. census night in 2013. • To be counted one must have interaction w/ key services. - Conglomerate of data from different government agencies

Question 31

strength of integrated data infrastructure

Answer 31

Data from many sources can be linked to create a population base. Population repository used to predict pathways.

Question 32

weakness if integrated data

Answer 32

Possible bias as to who is recorded e.g. in crime reports therefore crime population may have different demographic from general population. • Over-representation of lower incomes/different ethnicities depending on usage of services.

Question 33

Describe population pyramids

Answer 33

``` - Population structure — age and sex (counted or percentage) • Could be broken into sub population by ethnicity. • Population composition — other attributes, variables. - X-axis — males on left, females on right. - Y axis — age in single/five year increments. - Bars are count/percentage of people in each age/sex group. - Can be used to look into history — compare different demographics e.g. Māori/non-Māori. ```

Question 34

what is the dependency ration

Answer 34

Number of children/elderly that working population support. Child 0-14 years/ working age X 100 Elderly over 65/working age X 100 - Total - (youth+elderly populations)/working age population x 100

Question 35

state the different ways to calculate demographic measures

Answer 35

CRUDE BIRTH RATE GENERAL FERTILITY RATE AGE-SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

Question 36

what is crude birth rate

Answer 36

- Number of births/number of total population per 1000. | - Males included in denominator, but do not produce babies.

Question 37

what is general fertility rate

Answer 37

Denominator only females. | • Males excluded.

Question 38

what is age specific fertility rate

Answer 38

- More specific patterns for younger/older mothers.

Question 39

what is total fertility rate

Answer 39

- Average measure of fertility in a country. • Good measure for international comparisons. - 2.1 births per woman known as replacement level. • Indicates whether migration needed to keep population steady. - TFR sum of age-specific fertility rates x5, as five years in each age-specific band. - Regional variations, e.g. urban/rural difference.

Question 40

Describe and state the types if ageing

Answer 40

TYPES OF AGEING Numerical ageing — absolute increase in population that is elderly; count of people who are old. • Due to better health treatments, life expectancy etc. Structural ageing — increase in proportion of population that is elderly. • Driven by decrease in fertility rates.

Question 41

Describe the 2 ways population impact of ageing

Answer 41

- Natural decline occurs when there are more deaths than births in a population. • Combination of absolute and structural ageing. • More elderly means more deaths. Absolute decline occurs when there is insufficient migration to replace ‘lost births’ and increased deaths. • Not expected in NZ for 70+ years.