MOD 2. 16-18

Question 1

Describe population mass strategy

Answer 1

• aims at everyone in the population
• aims to decrease health risk and improve health of all population
• aimed at common diseases or widespread cause

Question 2

Describe High risk strategy

Answer 2

targets individuals who are high risk

intervention is matched to individuals concern

Question 3

What are the advantages of population mass strategy

Answer 3

behaviorally appropriate
benefits whole population
addresses causes

Question 4

what are the disadvantages of population mass strategy

Answer 4

poor motivation
small benefit to people
population are exposed to the downstream of the strategy

Question 5

What is the advantages of the high risk strategy

Answer 5

appropriate to individual
individual motivation
cost effective
favorable benefit to risk ratio

Question 6

Disadvantages of high risk strategy

Answer 6

cost of identifying individual, need to identify individuals
temporary effect
limited potential
behaviorally inappropriate

Question 7

What is health promotion

Answer 7

act on determinants of wellbeing and health
enables and empowers individuals to control and improve their own health
Involves whole population in every day context

Question 8

Describe what the Ottawa charter acknowledges for health promotion

Answer 8

health is a right for everyone
requires both individual and collective responsibility
opportunity should be equally available

Question 9

what are the structures that are involved in the Ottawa charter

Answer 9

Enable/ Advocate/ Mediate

-strengthen community action/ develop personal skills

Create supportive environments

reorient health services

Building healthy public policy

Question 10

State and Describe the 3 basic strategies
- ENABLe
Ottawa charter

Answer 10

• individual level strategy

- providing skills and supportive environment

Question 11

State and Describe the 3 basic strategies

- Advocate

Answer 11

create favorable systems level strategy

promoting health focusing on achieving equity in health

Question 12

State and Describe 3 basic strategies

- Mediate

Answer 12

bring people together a strategy that joins up individuals group and systems

Question 13

describe disease prevention

Answer 13

disease focus

look at a disease and find ways to prevent it

Question 14

Describe primary prevention strategies

Answer 14

limit the occurrence of the disease by controlling specific causes and risk factors- eg. immunisations

Question 15

Describe secondary prevention strategies

Answer 15

reduce the more serious consequences of disease

eg: screening women age 45-69 for breast cancer

Question 16

describe tertiary prevention of the disease

Answer 16

reduce the progress of complications of established disease

eg: burn patients

Question 17

Describe Health protection

Answer 17

Focus on environmental hazard 
actions: rish/hazard management
monitoring 
Risk communication
occupational health
eg safety regulation on work sites

Question 18

Describe the focus and actions of disease prevention

Answer 18

focus: disease
action: prevents incidence, prevalence, risk factors or impact
eg: immunisation

Question 19

Describe the focus and actions of health promotion

Answer 19

focus: health wellbeing
action: acts on the determinants of wellbeing
eg: push play 5+ a day

Question 20

Is screening prevention strategy a Primary, secondary or tertiary prevention strategy

Answer 20

It can be all it depends on what is screened

Question 21

What is the screening criteria

Answer 21

suitable disease
suitable test
suitable treatment
suitable screening programme

Question 22

what is the objective of screening initiative

Answer 22

to improve health outcome (morbidity, mortality or disability)

Question 23

What is a suitable disease

Answer 23

relatively common
relatively uncommon
early detection and intervention= better outcome Increased duration of preclinical phase

Knowledge of the natural history of the disease or relationship of risk factors to the condition

Question 24

what is a suitable test

Answer 24

safe
simple
reliable
acceptable
accuracy- ability's of a test to indicate which individual have the disease and which do not 
- sensitivity, specificity

Question 25

What is sensitivity

Answer 25

the liklihood of a positive test in those with the disease the ability of to test to identify correctly those who have the disease (a) from all individuals with the disease (a+c)

Question 26

What is specificity

Answer 26

The likelihood of the negative test in those without the disease The ability for the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease from all individuals free from the diesease

Question 27

Describe the evaluating test accuracy

Answer 27

the sensitivity of a screening test is high the proportion of true positives is high the specificity is high if the portion of true negatives is high Sensitivity and specificity are a fixed characteristic of the test

Question 28

DEscribe Positive predictive Value

Answer 28

The proportion who really have the disease of all people who test positive the probability of having disease if the test is positive

Question 29

Describe the Negative predictive Value

Answer 29

the proportion who are actually free of the disease of all people who test negative the probability of not having the disease if the test is negative

Question 30

n

Answer 30

n

Question 31

Describe Suitable treatment overview

Answer 31

evidence of early treatment leading to better outcomes effective acceptable and accessible treatment appropriate treatment to be offered evidence-based policies covering who should be offered treatment

Question 32

Describe suitable screening programme

Answer 32

Benefits must outweigh the harm Rct evidence that screening programme will result in reduced mortality increased survival time

Question 33

Suitable screening programme Overview

Answer 33

Adequate resourcing, agreed policy for testing, diagnosis, treatment and programme management cost effective heath care system must be able to support all elements of the screening pathway needs to reach all those who are likely to benefit from it ( specific initiatives for particular population groups)

Question 34

Why do we need prioritizing in health

Answer 34

Limited funds to supply all the health problems

Question 35

Where does the Nz health dollar go

Answer 35

Health administration and health insurance services of curative and rehabilitative care service of long term nursing care ancillary services to health care medical goods dispends to outpatients prevention and public health services

Question 36

What are some of the establishing population health priorities

Answer 36

evidence based measures Community expectation and values human rights and social justice

Question 37

Evidence based measures can be categories into?

Answer 37

Descriptive explanatory evaluative

Question 38

Describe descriptive based measure | in evidence based measure

Answer 38

who is the most/ least affected where are we now TRENDS? - define the problem

Question 39

Describe explanatory based measure | in evidence based measure

Answer 39

identify the risk and protective factors | equity?

Question 40

What are epidemiological measures used in prioritization

Answer 40

age, death and premature mortality time lived with disability population attributable risk

Question 41

What is the Attributable risk

Answer 41

the amount of extra disease attributable to a particular risk factor in the exposed group (RD)

Question 42

Population attributable risk (PAR)

Answer 42

amount of extra disease attributable to a particular risk factor in a particular population if association is causal- amount of disease we could prevent if we removed that particular risk factor from the population

Question 43

How do you calculate PAR

Answer 43

Occurrence in total population- Occurrence in the unexposed group

Question 44

What is evaluative evidence

Answer 44

what can improve health outcomes (and in whom) Is the intervention improving health outcomes economic feasibility

Question 45

other factors that influence priortisation

Answer 45

community expectation and values human rights an social justice acceptability

Question 46

Describe the flow diagram of screening for disease

Answer 46

Screening test- less expensive diagnosis IF POSITIVE Diagnostic test- gold standard - often invasive and expensive