Module 4 - Expanding.

Question 1

What are the reasons for the Global burden of Disease

Answer 1

Data on the burden of disease (and injury) from many countries were incomplete

Available data largely focused on death: little information on non fatal outcomes

Question 2

What are lobby groups involvement with the Global burden of Disease

Answer 2

they provide distorted image of which problems are most important

Question 3

WHy do the Global burden of disease project need to have the same approach

Answer 3

unless the same approach is used to estimate the burden of different conditions, it is difficult to decide which conditions are most important and which strategies are the best

Question 4

What are the main gains of the DALY approach

Answer 4

Drew attention to previous hidden burden of mental health problems as a major public health problem

Question 5

What are the main gains of the DALY approach

Answer 5

Recognizes non communicable disease as a major and increasing issue in low and middle income countries

Question 6

What are 2 major challenges in using the DALY to quantify the burden of disability

Answer 6

Disability weights are considered to be the same as the severity of an impairment relating to a disease/ condition

Question 7

What type of Model of disability does DALY TAKE on

Answer 7

Medical Model of Disability

Question 8

What are the factors that cause a epidemiological transition

Answer 8

decrease in perinatal and communicable diseases

Increase in non communicable disease (NCDS)

Question 9

What is the extra disease in DALYS attributable to?

Answer 9

particular risk factor in a population

Question 10

Risk transition definition

Answer 10

changes in risk factor profiles as countries shift from low to higher income countries, where common risks for perinatal and communicable diseases

Question 11

Double burden of disease

Answer 11

Countries are facing perinatal and communicable disease (G1)

and are facing exposure to (G2) non communicable diseases- this causes Major challenges for health policies

Question 12

What has the commercial sector involvement with the NCD

Answer 12

creates uneven distributed of risks

unequal NCD epidemic

Question 13

Commercial sectors influence with smoking

1 reason

Answer 13

1. social norms have changed as smoking became popular among social groups
   - Behavioral change
   - Marketing
   - changing physical and social environments

Question 14

Commercial sectors influence with smoking

2nd reason

Answer 14

greater emphasis on downstream (compared with upstream) strategies has put equity in public health at risk

Question 15

Describe the structural driver of NCD inequities with the commercial sector

Answer 15

promote unhealthy consumption among vulnerable groups

create uneven distribution of risk

unequal distribution of NCDS

Question 16

What are industrial epidemics

Answer 16

Diseases arising from over consumption of unhealth commercial products

Question 17

Smoking is increasing in which areas

Answer 17

Areas of high deprivation,

Question 18

Commercial is a downstream or upstream issue

Answer 18

upstream

Question 19

Who are the targets of commercial drivers

Answer 19

Socioeconomically deprived, women, children

Question 20

African countries HIV involve pre and post HIV

Answer 20

Low access to treatment

life expectancy has decreased

Question 21

Describe the AID epidemic

Answer 21

people are living longer with AIDs

50% do not know they have AIDS

Most epople do not have accesss to HIV treatment and care

Question 22

Who are the most affected from HIV

Answer 22

Sub saharan population

Young people who sexually transmit the disease

Question 23

What is needed inorder to reduce the burden of HIV

Answer 23

tailor the response and interventions to local circumstances and prevalent risk factors

Question 24

Who are high risk to HIV

Answer 24

any sexual activity

infected needle users

breast fed children with

HIV mothers

unscreened blood products

Question 25

WHat is Feminisation of the HIV epidemic

Answer 25

refers to the observation that increasing proportion of new infections are amoung women, primarily due to heterosexual transmission of the infection

Question 26

Who is affected by HIV

Answer 26

women who are sexually active

Question 27

what are the barriers for women with HIV

Answer 27

Poverty and low social status barriers to prevention, treatment and care services Social stigma and discrimination education poverty DRIVEN BY GENDER INEQUITY

Question 28

Who does poverty inequality hurt the most

Answer 28

women

Question 29

WHat are the prevention and control for HIV

Answer 29

safer sex safer products access to healthcare There is no vaccine or cure it is about monitoring HIV

Question 30

Globally who is the most effected in affected

Answer 30

Sub-Saharan women

Question 31

NZ who have the HIV aids

Answer 31

homosexual men | NZ has low prevalence

Question 32

Who is contributing to the DALY as YLD and YLL

Answer 32

young men

Question 33

Is Road traffic a huge public health and developing problem

Answer 33

YES

Question 34

Who faces the burden of Road traffic injuried

Answer 34

Low and middle income countries as the roads are shared

Question 35

Describe the prevalence of road traffic death within high income countries

Answer 35

Decreasing due to policies and intervention

Question 36

Who are vulnerable road users

Answer 36

motorised 2-3 wheelers pedestrian cyclists

Question 37

Road crash injury is what type of issue

Answer 37

Equity issue

Question 38

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death Adults vs Children

Answer 38

Children

Question 39

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death men vs women

Answer 39

Men

Question 40

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death Pedestrian vs car occupant

Answer 40

pedestian

Question 41

Inequities in road traffic injuries and death Fatal vs non-fatal

Answer 41

Fatal

Question 42

What are the causes and risk for injury by road users

Answer 42

Distal determinants Upstream determinant distribution of resources and participation of society legal and policy franeworks related to road environment

Question 43

What are ways to decrease pedestrian mortality

Answer 43

environmental prevention strategies

Question 44

What are the causes of obesity

Answer 44

It is at a individual population and largely environmental

Question 45

Obesogenic environment

Answer 45

sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations

Question 46

Who causes escalate the obesity pandemic

Answer 46

The food system

Question 47

Obesity prevalence is driven up by what?

Answer 47

global drivers and local environments determine the trajectories

Question 48

What are the 3 policy inertia on implementing food policies

Answer 48

Food industry opposition government reluctance to regulate/tax Lack of sufficient public demand for policies

Question 49

What is the epidemiological tend of obseity

Answer 49

Their is an increasing variable rate

Question 50

What are inequalities

Answer 50

giving everyone the same amount. | However no everyone is at the same level

Question 51

What are inequities

Answer 51

giving everyone a different amount depending on their needs. Therefore giving a leveling effect.

Question 52

What are absolute inequalities

Answer 52

EGO- CGO (AKA risk difference)

Question 53

What a does risk difference tell us

Answer 53

how many more or fewer disease events occur per ----- people in one group compared to the other

Question 54

Relative Inequality

Answer 54

Relative risk EGO/CGO

Question 55

What does risk reduction tell us

Answer 55

how many more or fewer disease events occur per ------ people in one group compared to the other

Question 56

Extremal Quotient (MAX/MIN) means what

Answer 56

the biggest relative inequality (between most and least affected groups)