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Neuroanatomy-spring'16 > Lecture 00 > Flashcards

Lecture 00 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of brain cells?

A

1) Neurons

2) Glia

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2
Q

What are the types of glia?

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes + Schwann cells
3) microglia

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3
Q

What is the job of a dendrite? (what system is it receiving information from and where does it send it?)

A

to receive a signal/information from PNS to CNS

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4
Q

what is the job of an axon? (what system is it receiving information from and where does it send it?)

A

to send a signal/information from CNS to PNS

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5
Q

synaptic ends are also called?

A

boutons

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6
Q

why does the brain use so much ATP

A

uses ATP to keep cells at RMP ( 1 ATP is used in every cell for the 3 Na + - 2 K + exchange)

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7
Q

Classifications of neurons are based on?

A

1) number of neuritis in the body
2) connections
3) dendrites
4) axon length
5) neurotransmitters

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8
Q

types of neurites found in the body

A

unipolar ex. dorsal root ganglion
bipolar ex. retina
multipolar ex. motor neurons

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9
Q

what type of connections are found between neurons

A

primary sensory: afferent
motor neurons: efferent
internuerons

remember: ME for motor neurons, then PSA for primary sensory

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10
Q

what types of dendrites

A

pyramidal v. stellate

spiny v. aspinous

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11
Q

whats so special about spines on dendrites

A

these spines are small input sites. these sites are where you get changes with learning.

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12
Q

Projection neurons are what type of cells of the cortex?

A

pyramidal cells

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13
Q

local circuit neurons are what type of cells of the cortex

A

stellate cells

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14
Q

What role do MAPs play?

A

microtubule associated proteins are proteins that hold mircotubules together

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15
Q

MAPs and alzheimers?

A

the proteins become unhinged and accumulate in cell bodies and neurofibulary tangles

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16
Q

Where is the axon hillock located

A

located right after cell body, very beginning of axon

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17
Q

what happens at the axon hillock?

A

action potential starts

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18
Q

Which direction does anterograde axonal transport go?

A

cell body to terminal

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19
Q

which direction does retrograde axonal transport go

A

terminal to cell body

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20
Q

why is retrograde axonal transport important

A

send information from axon back to cell
BUT
toxins can also travel to brain i.e. tetanus
ALSO
can use it in scientific experiments to figure out pathway of axons

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21
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A
  • mop up excess K+, prevent cells from depolarizing
  • help developing cells migrate to the right areas of the brain
  • create scar tissue if theres a brain injury *
  • astrocytic feet attach to blood brain barrier capillaries
  • if there is too much scar tissue, cancerous tumors can form, astrocytic tumors begin the most common
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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schawan cells make what? and where?

A

Oligo + Schwann –> myelin sheath

oligo: CNS
Schwann: PNS

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23
Q

Functions of microglia

A

act as macrophages, clean up waste

i.e. if you have an injury, macroglia become macrophages and clean up da mess

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24
Q

are microglia, glia?

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A

no, not really a glia cell. come form hemotopoetic stem cells (same place blood cells come from) and they can become macrophages

25
what are circuits
a collection of neurons, have certain fns, and process certain info
26
what are systems
collection of circuits which are a part of a larger fn | i.e motor, visual, auditory systems
27
subdivisions of the NS
central and peripheral
28
divisions of the cns
brain | spinal cord
29
divisions of brain
cerebrum cerebellum brainstem
30
what is the cerebrum
two hemispheres of brain
31
what is fn of cerebellum
associated with motor learning and coordination
32
parts of brainstem
midbrain pons medulla
33
(nerve) divisions of PNS
cranial nerves spinal nerves visceral nerves
34
where do motor axons have their cell bodies
in the CNS
35
what direction do motor axons travel in
CNS to PNS
36
where do sensory axons have their cell bodies
in the PNS
37
what direction do sensory axons travel in
PNS to CNS
38
what do spinal nerves innervate
skin, joints, muscles
39
what do visceral nerves innervate
organs, glands, blood vessels
40
what type of nerves are viscera
ALL motor
41
what type of nerves are spinal
mix of motor and sensory
42
what two layers make up the dura mater
periosteal | meningeal
43
whats a subdural hematoma?
bleeding between dura and arachnoid...creates a space where there should NOT be one
44
where is the CSF made?
choroid plexus
45
what are subarachnoid cisterns? where in the brain are they located?
gap between pia and arachnoid where more CSF accumulates
46
4 dural projections
falx cerebri falx cerebelli tentorium cerebelli diaphragma sellae
47
fn of falx cerebri
separate cerebral hemispheres
48
fn of falx cerebelli
separates lobes of cerebellum
49
fn of tentorium cerebelli
separate cerebellum from cerebrum
50
fn of diaphragm sellae
opening for pituitary stalk
51
Parts of the ventricular system (flow of CSF) in order
``` lateral ventricle 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle central canal ```
52
what are the brains foreamen and location
monroe- connects two hemispheres (located in 3rd ventricle) luschka - 2 of them, run laterally magendi- 1; goes towards midline
53
what do nissl stains, stain
stain cell bodies
54
what do golgi stain, stain
stain myelin sheath ( can see where axons travel)
55
what level of the nervous system is located above the tentorium cerebella
supratentorial
56
where is the posterior fossa located
below tentorium cerebelli and above foramen magnum
57
what are the levels of the nervous system
supratentorial posterior fossa spinal cord peripheral NS
58
what is found in the supratentorial level of the NS
``` basal ganglia thalamus hypothalamus CN 1-2 cerebral hemispheres ```
59
what is found in posterior fossa level of the NS
``` midbrain pons medulla cerebellum CN 3-12 ```

Neuroanatomy-spring'16 (18 decks)

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