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CSD9617 Term Test 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is speech?

A

medium of oral communication that employs a linguistic code

communication through vocal symbols

complex, dynamic neuromuscular processes

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2
Q

What are some of the complex, dynamic neuromuscular processes?

A 
articulation
resonance
phonation
respiration
prosody
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3
Q

What is language?

A

a shared set of mutually agreed upon symbols used to represent concepts or ideas

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4
Q

What is phonology/phonotactics?

A

sound positions and combinations

symbols governed by set of rules

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5
Q

What kinds of rules govern the symbols of language?

A 
phonology/phonotactics
grammar
syntax
semantics
pragmatics
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6
Q

What is communication?

A

exchange of concepts or ideas between two or more entities
- dynamic role exchange between speaker and listener

mechanism whereby we establish, maintain and change relationships

consists of multiple forms

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7
Q

What is interactional communication?

A

socially motivated and mediated

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8
Q

What is transactional communication?

A

agenda driven

ordering food in a restaurant

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9
Q

What are the 3 forms of output/expression?

A

spoken
written
nonverbal (facial expression, posture, touch, sign language, etc.)

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10
Q

What are the 4 types input/understanding?

A

auditory/listening
reading/seeing
non-verbal
sense of touch/taste/smell

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11
Q

What is discourse?

A

meaningful symbolic behaviour in any mode

communicative action in the medium of language, actions, and behaviours

what happens when people draw on knowledge they have about language
- knowledge based on memories of what they have expressed, read, heard

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12
Q

What types of things are included in discourse?

A 
exchanging information
expressing feelings
make events happen
create beauty
entertain
etc.
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13
Q

What is the stratified model of discourse processing?

A

how we process discourse

starts with morphemes and works up to frames/schemas (bottom-up)

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14
Q

What is the multi-layered discourse processing model?

A

requires bidirectional activation of multiple, interacting discourse processes

begins with an “input trigger” of a message, event, or story
- followed by conceptualization and generation of story frame, and ending with the selection, sequencing, and articulation of lexical units

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15
Q

What are the components of a narrative?

A 
abstract
setting/orientation
complicating actions
evaluations
results/resolutions
coda (optional - reader returns or reader to present)
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16
Q

What is procedural discourse?

A

descriptions of specified sequential steps/actions

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17
Q

What is expository discourse?

A

extended monologue on personality relevant material

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18
Q

What is argumentative discourse?

A

interactants reason-out ideas or convictions to become more convincing

  • legal contexts
  • political arenas
  • debating
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19
Q

What is conversation?

A

a naturally occurring, spontaneous interaction involving two or more participants

captures relatively informal collaborative interactions where roles of speakers and listeners are interchanged in a non-automatic manner

positive and negative behaviours

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20
Q

What are the elements of conversation?

A

turn-taking organization
topic organization
trouble source repair and organization

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21
Q

What are transition relevant places?

A

when it is relevant to jump in the conversation

overlaps, pause/gap, eye contact, body position, pitch changes, etc.

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22
Q

What is sequential organization?

A

recurring patterns

question
greeting/salutation
scripts/schemas

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23
Q

What are the different forms of topic organization?

A

selecting, maintaining, changing/shifting

global (macro)

specific (micro or sub-topics)

side-sequences, insertion sequences or off-topic utterances

perseverations (auto-pilot)

intrusions

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24
Q

What is trouble source repair and organization?

A

trouble source
repair initiator (asking for clarification)
repair (clarification)
outcome - resolution

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25
What is pragmatics?
the use of language in communication, particularly the relationships between sentences and the context and situations in which they are used reflects communicative competence and complex interrelationships among different types of knowledge
26
What are the 2 types of knowledge involved in pragmatics?
knowledge of language structure presuppositional knowledge - ability to make appropriate judgements about the form an utterance must take to communicate the speaker's intent or to understand the intent
27
What is functional communication?
the ability to receive or convey a message regardless of the mode to communicate effectively how was use information in functional contexts a consolidation of linguistic and cognitive and motor speech skills that support communication in a day-to-day life
28
What are the elements of functional communication (model)?
communicative context conversational maxims centre = rules for communication
29
What is cognition?
mental processes where sensory information is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used includes memory systems, attention systems, judgement, reasoning/decision making, insightfulness
30
What are the 2 types of long term memory?
declarative - facts, explicit non-declarative - implicit
31
What are the 3 types of declarative memory?
concepts - semantics events - episodic words - lexical
32
What are the types of non-declarative long term memory?
``` procedural (buttoning shirt) priming simple classical conditioning - emotional non-associative learning - reflex ```
33
What is the articulatory loop?
where we repeat words to keep them in working memory
34
What is the neural scratch pad?
look at something and then draw from memory
35
What is the parser?
storage container that holds information in working memory to allow you to recall it/reproduce it over and over
36
What is psycholinguistics?
relationship between psychological processes and language operations
37
What is neurolinguistics?
relationships between neuroanatomical structures and neurophysiological functions and language processing certain brain regions responsible for certain language functions
38
What is a sociolinguistics?
social rules and conventions that guide how we use language different social contexts
39
What is meant by the intersectionality and complexity of communication?
many components interact ``` gender environment medications emotions education culture etc. ```
40
What factors contribute to language differences?
``` gender culture ethnicity religion education SES age employment ```
41
What is aphasia?
a multimodality physiological inefficiency caused by focal damage (acquired language disorders) damage to cortical and/or subcortical regions known to support language functioning different types and severity
42
What is affected ALD that affects?
spoken and written language listening and reading comprehension non-verbal communication
43
What are some generally agreed upon about aphasia?
syndrome - collection of behavioural and neurological features results from focal damage, usually of rapid onset regions language dominant cerebral hemisphere language based (not speech problem) not loss of language
44
What are some epidemiological facts about stroke?
average age 71 years decreasing in high income countries but increasing in low income countries stroke every 40 seconds in the US - 5th leading cause of death, 37.6% of all death
45
What are some epidemiological facts of aphasia?
in Canada, 1/3 stroke survivors is diagnosed with aphasia most aphasia cases result from stroke incidence rate of 60/100,000 persons/year risk increases with age
46
Individuals with aphasia are more likely to...
older more severe on admission more frequently discharged to LTC/rehab independent predictor of longer hospital stay, use of rehab
47
What are the hallmark features of aphasia?
language disturbances some cognitive operations but not a cognitive disorder
48
What happened in the ancient era of language and pathology?
speechlessness mentioned in Egyptian times Hippocrates - aphonas Valerius Maximus - traumatic aphasia, relationship to ventricles, localizationists
49
What happened to language and pathology in the 15th-17th century?
more case descriptions of individuals with speechlessness more anatomical explorations to establish relationship between brain damage and speechlessness
50
What happened to language and pathology through the 18th-19th century?
substantial development of brain-behaviour relationships published monographs on cases of loss of memory for words
51
What did Franz Joseph Gall contribute to language and pathology?
postulated human faculties localized in 2 different organs or brain centres proposed measurements of skull would deduce moral and intellectual characteristics since skull modified by underlying brain beginnings of phrenology - study of bumps on head for intellectual and moral capacities
52
What did Jean-Baptiste Brouillard contribute to language and pathology?
cerebral functions localized demonstrated discrete legions could produce paralysis in selected limbs and not other regions aphasic disorders dichotomized into articulatory and amnesia supported Gall's contention that speech and language localized in frontal lobes
53
What did Dax contribute to language and pathology?
first discussed language functions isolated to left hemisphere
54
What is Broca contribute to language and pathology?
language localized to frontal lobes specific localization to inferior frontal convolutions began doctrine of cerebral dominance for language function
55
What did Wernicke contribute to language and pathology?
sensory aphasia language disturbance isolated to left temporo-parietal lobes fluent but disordered utterances problems with writing and auditory comprehension
56
What did Lichteim contribute to language and pathology?
5 interconnected cortical areas 7 syndromes
57
What did Trosseau contribute to language and pathology?
intelligence always lame in aphasia Holistic approach
58
What did John Hughlings Jackson contribute to language and pathology?
founder of Cognitive School language organized in hierarchy within the brain - Holistic approach verbal behaviour - propositional - non-propositional
59
What are the 2 levels of verbal behaviours?
propositional - intellectual, voluntary - statement or principle for discussion non-propositional - emotional, involuntary - differential impairment of the 2 levels - basic unit of language not the word but proposition - to locate damage which destroys speech and to locate speech are two different concepts
60
What did Desjerine contribute to language and pathology?
disconnection syndrome founder
61
What did Henschen contribute to language and pathology?
detailed model of separate cortical areas for aspects of language
62
What did Pierre Marie contribute to language and pathology?
disagreed with Broca's assertion of frontal central area for expression and posterior area for comprehension true centre for aphasia in 1st temporal convolution unitary conception of aphasia - collection of multiple disorders
63
What did Head contribute to language and pathology?
aphasia was a loss of capacity for symbolic formulation expression; impaired thinking and verbal and non-verbal
64
What did Pick contribute to language and pathology?
psycholinguistic perspective 1st to coin agrammatism (core symptom of aphasia) omission of grammatical morphology simplified and coarse syntactic structures reduced verb production
65
What did Kleist contribute to language and pathology?
1st to coin term paragammatism ability to create word order retained phrases and sentences wrongly chosen; amalgamation and contamination of words and word order incorrect arousal of acoustic sentence formulae
66
What did Weisenberg and McBride contribute to language and pathology?
aphasia did not necessarily involve impaired intellectual/cognitive functions agreed great variability among individuals with aphasias
67
What did Goldstein contribute to language and pathology?
aphasia represents impaired levels of language and cognition language levels included abstract (intellectual) and concrete (automatic) aphasia reflects inability to adopt abstract attitude (higher mental conceptualization) major opponent to classical localizations
68
What did Jackobson contribute to language and pathology?
linguistic approaches to understanding aphasia examined linguistic levels of aphasia and impairments of rule ordered systems disturbances in selection of linguistic units and combinations of linguistic units
69
What did Luria contribute to language and pathology?
functional systems interconnected inter- and intra-systemic re-organization following brain damage and Rx
70
What did Schuell and Wepman contribute to language and pathology?
not a loss of language functions but rather language functions are inaccessible single unitary disorder across all levels of language
71
What did neo-connectionists contribute to language and pathology?
pathways disrupted between centre/focal active language areas
72
What did cognitive psychologists and neuropsychologists contribute to language and pathology?
amalgamation of psycholinguistics, single-case methods, information processing models of language
73
What are microgenetic theories of language and pathology?
disinhibition less relevant to microgenetic theorists mental representations, actions and affect emerge from pre-existing conceptualizations (prehistory) to measurable ideas or actions; emerge along an instantaneous evolutions symptoms of aphasia are a normal part of normal processing revealed by pathology
74
What is neuroplasticity?
multiple regions function fluidly take on new processes

CSD9617 Term Test 1 (7 decks)

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