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CSD9617 Term Test 1 > Lecture 3.2 > Flashcards

Lecture 3.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 anatomical structures that comprise the basal ganglia?

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

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2
Q

What forms the striatum?

A

caudate nucleus + putamen

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3
Q

What forms the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen

globus pallidus

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4
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

A

nuclei participate in the control of body posture and muscle tone and planning initiating movements

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5
Q

What are the functional units of the basal ganglia?

A

substantia nigra

subthalamic nucleus

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6
Q

Where do axons from the substantia nigra terminate?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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7
Q

Where do axons from the subthalamic nucleus connect?

A

globus pallidus

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8
Q

What is the main input unit of the basal ganglia?

A

striatum (putamen)

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9
Q

What is the main output unit of the basal ganglia?

A

globus pallidus

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10
Q

What is the sensory relay station?

A

anterior thalamus -> supplementary motor area

lateral thalamus -> primary motor cortex

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11
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

projection fibres between the thalamus and frontal cortex

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12
Q

What is the caudate head?

A

incoming and outgoing fibres to the prefrontal cortex

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13
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

relay/gating system rich with connections

have efferent and afferent fibres from the cortex and brainstem/cerebellum coursing through

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14
Q

What is the importance of blood supply to the brain?

A

blood supply must remain constant

supplies nutrients and oxygen which neurons and tissues need for viability

brain uses 20% of the body’s blood

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15
Q

What are the main arteries involved in the Circle of Willis?

A

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery

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16
Q

What does the vertebral artery feed?

A

forms basilar artery and later PCA

divides into smaller arteries than supply the cerebellum and pons

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17
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery feed?

A

lateral aspects of the cortex

also internal capsule, basal ganglia, and thalamus

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18
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries feed?

A

medial occipital lobes, inferior temporal lobes, midbrain, thalamus, some subcortical structures

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19
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery feed?

A

medial cortex including medial motor and sensory cortices

some aspects of frontal lobe and corpus striatum

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20
Q

What is a stroke?

A

brain attack

cerebral vascular accident

interruption of blood supply to the brain

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21
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a CT scan?

A

strengths:

  • excellent spatial and temporal resolution
  • geometric accuracy
  • widely available

weaknesses

  • radiation exposure
  • limited versatility
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22
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of MRI?

A

strengths:

  • low risk
  • versatile
  • excellent spatial resolution and soft tissue contrast

weaknesses

  • no patients with metallic implants
  • possible geometric distortion
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23
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of SPECT?

A

strengths:

  • versatile
  • widely available

weaknesses:

  • radiation exposure
  • poor spatial and temporal resolution
  • nonquantative measurements
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24
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of PET?

A

strengths:

  • versatile
  • quantitative measurements possible

weaknesses:

  • radiation exposure
  • low availability, high cost
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25
What are the primary applications of CT scans?
trauma cerebrovascular disease congenital malformation neoplasm
26
What are the primary applications of MRI?
cerebrovascular disease infection white matter disease
27
What are the primary applications of SPECT?
dementing illness epilepsy cerebrovascular disease
28
What are the primary applications of PET?
differentiation of recurrent tumour from radiation necrosis
29
What is ischemia?
inadequate blood supply with neuronal and glial cell death
30
What are the 2 main types of strokes?
embolic - plaque or debris that developed elsewhere travels into the brain and becomes stuck in anblood vessel thrombotic - blood clot develops in blood vessel within the brain nd reduces flow - these 2 make up 80% hemorrhagic - blood vessel within the brain ruptures and bleeds
31
What are some risk factors for stroke?
``` obesity, diabetes, heart disease high blood pressure age smoking male sex recent TIA ```
32
What are some mechanisms of injury and degeneration in stroke?
local edema (swelling) diaschisis infarction denervation supersensitivity
33
What is diaschisis?
distant suppression of metabolic activity in regions connected with the area of the CVA
34
What is infarction?
loss of oxygen and other nutrients leading to neuronal death
35
What is denervation supersensitivity?
cells previously dependent on proper neuronal functions become supersensitive to loss of or over-stimulations of neurotransmitters and do not function normally
36
What is a TBI?
traumatic brain injury bony interior structures tear delicate neurons, fibres, etc. even within CSF suspension and meningeal layers many forces (shearing, tearing, rotational, accelerating, deceleration, torsional) ischemia, edema, hemorrhages, infections
37
What are some types of TBI?
coup and contrecoup - coup = brain damage directly under point of impact - contrecoup = damage to opposite side of brain from where head is struck open vs. closed head
38
What are the types of post-traumatic amnesia?
anterograde amnesia = post-onset retrograde amnesia = prior to onset
39
What are some types of progressive neurodegenerative diseases?
motor neuron diseases (ALS) dementia syndrome (multiple diseases) substantia nigra degeneration (Parkinson's) demyelination (MS) neurotransmitter and protein changes
40
What is spontaneous/natural recovery?
usually 1-3 months but maybe as long as 4-6 depending on severity non-damaged regions made non-functional temporarily resume function within this period of time no evidence of plateau
41
What are some components of recovery?
``` sparing of functions recovery of functions function reorganization ```
42
What is sparing of functions in recovery?
functions/processes dependent on complex, diffusely organized processes redundancy of organization and multiple controls of functions
43
What is recovery of functions in recovery?
occurs later on actual restitution of functions or substitution of new strategies to achieve same goal
44
What is functional reorganization in recovery?
neuroplasticity concept secondary systems or processes assume larger roles revisions to previous primary responsibilities
45
What are some types of therapy used in recovery?
communication pharmacotherapy stem cell
46
What is optimal delivery for therapy during recovery?
intense weekly interventions 8-13 hours per week for 11-12 weeks service provided best by SLP
47
What is neural plasticity?
functional capacity of brain changes, reorganizes neuronal functions and connections sprouting of neuronal outgrowths activating latent synapses
48
Does recover differ based on the hemisphere activated?
R hemisphere alone = worse outcomes need L hemisphere in recovery
49
What are the described recovery curves for ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, TBI, and neurodegenerative diseases?
ischemic: negative accelerating curve hemorrhagic and TBI: stair step neurodegenerative diseases: negative declining curve
50
What is tPA?
tissue plasminogen activator given through IV only FDA approved treatment for ischemic strokes dissolves clots, improves blood flow must be within 3-4 hours of onset on ischemic CVA only
51
What are the 10 principles of plasticity in recovery? (U2SRITSATI)
``` use it or lose it use it and improve it specificity repetition matters intensity matters time matters salience matters age matters transference plasticity interference ```
52
What is meant by use it or lose it in recovery?
failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degradation
53
What is meant by use it and improve it in recovery?
training that drives a specific brain function can lead to an enhancement of that function
54
What is meant by specificity in recovery?
nature of training experience dictates nature of plasticity
55
What does repetition matters mean in recovery?
induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition
56
What does intensity matters mean in recovery?
induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity
57
What does time matters mean in recovery?
different forms of plasticity occur at different times during training
58
What does salience matters mean in recovery?
training experiences must be sufficiently salient to induce plasticity
59
What does age matters mean in recovery?
training induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains
60
What does transference plasticity mean in recovery?
plasticity in response to training experiences enhances acquisition of similar behaviours
61
What does interference mean in recovery?
plasticity in response to one's training experiences can interfere with acquisition of other behaviours
62
What are the key factors influencing prognosis?
biological - age, sex, handedness, education social - occupation, social connectedness neurological - etiology, size and site of lesion no single negative factor super potent
63
What is potentially the most influential factor on prognosis?
severity of aphasia at onset - global aphasia = most severe, poorest recovery profiles - anomic aphasia = best recovery profiles site and size of lesion also matters
64
How can linguistic abilities affect prognosis?
good: auditory comprehension, writing, verbal skills, visual matching = good recovery profile also stimulability for correction, self-correction, and strong gestural abilities unclear results on bilingualism studies
65
What factors are not good predictors of recovery for aphasia?
handedness age sex
66
Can education affect prognosis?
higher education levels may show faster rate higher intelligence = better chances of good recovery
67
What types of health issues can slow recovery?
sensory delays motor limb and motor speech problems medical and psychiatric conditions
68
How can time post-onset affect prognosis?
poorer recovery the longer language and communication treatment is delayed delay does not capitalize on effects of spontaneous recovery
69
How can personality and emotional status affect prognosis?
social environment helpful for prognosis disinhibition and co-occurring depression can negatively impact recovery

CSD9617 Term Test 1 (7 decks)

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