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CSD9617 Term Test 1 > Lecture 3.1 > Flashcards

Lecture 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some older procedures for localizing language functions?

A

phrenology
EEG
lesion studies
electrical cortical stimulation

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2
Q

What is phrenology?

A

certain bumps/regions in the skull associated with certain characteristics

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3
Q

How did soldiers returning from war contribute to localizing language functions?

A

people dying with specific brain lesions allowed us to study

also expanded surgical interventions

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4
Q

What is meant by dichotic listening?

A

right ear has advantage for hearing

since auditory pathways are contralateral and language areas are on the left side of brain
- right ear can better detect linguistic information

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5
Q

What are some more recent procedures for localizing language functions?

A

MRI/fMRI
ultrasound
CT
PET

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6
Q

What procedures provide static views for localizing language functions?

A

MRI
PET
SPECT

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7
Q

What procedures provide dynamic views for localizing language functions?

A

fMRI

sonography

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8
Q

What did Hans Lukas Teuber say about localization of function?

A

just because we can see where a particular function is coming from doesn’t mean it is the only place it comes from

many areas work together, other areas connected to primary region

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9
Q

What are the components of the brain (5)

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
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10
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

cerebral hemispheres
brainstem
cerebellum
spinal cord

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11
Q

What composes the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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12
Q

What are the protective layers from external to internal?

A

skin
muscles
cranium
meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, pia)

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13
Q

How significant is the resource use of the cerebrum?

A

weighs less than 2 kg yet uses 20% O2 and 25% vascular supply

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14
Q

Which meningeal layer has the most vascular supply?

A

subarachnoid space

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15
Q

What is the difference between cortical and subcortical areas?

A

cortical = on the cortex, outer layer, grey matter, complex functions, multiple layers of neurons

subcortical = beneath cortex, white matter, more primitive functions

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of interconnecting fibre tracts?

A

commissural - one hemisphere to another

association - within the same hemisphere

  • long = between lobes
  • short = within lobe

projection - ascending (to cortical areas) or descending (from cortical areas)

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17
Q

What language dominance patterns are shown by right handed people (90-95% population)?

A

95% of right handers show left hemisphere language dominance

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18
Q

What language dominance patterns are shown by left handed people (7-10% population)?

A

65-70% show left hemisphere language dominance

5-10% show right hemisphere language dominance

20-35% show bilateral language dominance

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19
Q

What is Exner’s area?

A

in premotor cortex
- foot of 2nd frontal convolution

BA 6, parts of 8, 9

right above Broca’s area

helps control writing, printing, and typing
- area contains knowledge of how to make movements of the hands and fingers for these functions

damage = motor dysgraphia

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20
Q

What is the importance of the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

important for memory

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21
Q

What is the superior longitudinal fasiculus?

A

long association fibre
- white fibre tract

sends info from one lobe to another within left hemisphere

from around sylvian fissure in anterior and posterior directions

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22
Q

What is BA 45+45?

A

Broca’s area
frontal lobe

LANGUAGE area

memories of motor patterns for speech production and grammar

23
Q

What happens when there is damage to BA 44+45?

A

non-fluent output/aphasia: 5 words or less average utterance

laborious speech, poor reading aloud skills, poor repetition

often coexists with apraxia (nonverbal and speech)

24
Q

What is the primary motor area?

A

BA 4 - precentral gyrus

motor homunculus

just above and in front of Broca’s area

voluntary movements for contralateral side of the body

25
Describe the motor homunculus.
on precentral gyrus (BA4) size of cortical area related to amount of control required for motor movements legs and feet on medial side upper head, face, hands, and mouth on lateral aspect inverted large area of face and hands laterally
26
What is the inferior-lateral portion of the premotor cortex?
BA 6 (part of 8) stimulation = movement - great amounts of stimulation necessary to produce some degree of movement
27
What is the frontal eye-field?
parts of BA 6, 8, 9 controls conjugate eye movement (eye scanning) independent of visual stimuli especially towards contralateral side
28
What is the supplementary motor area?
anterior to precentral gyrus initiation of spontaneous speech and partial complex movements of upper limbs (fingers, arms, limbs) some involvement in stuttering and speech production (sensorimotor planning of oral movements)
29
What is the prefrontal cortex?
anterior to precentral areas includes BA 8-12 and 46 numerous association efferent and afferent fibre pathways with thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus striatum, and other areas of cerebral cortex initiative, emotionality, regulator of depth of feelings, judgement, attention
30
What are some major components of the temporal lobe?
``` prefrontal cortex supplementary motor area Exner's area frontal eye field precentral gyrus premotor cortex Broca's area ```
31
What are some major components of the temporal lobe?
superior temporal gyrus Wernickes area angular gyrus
32
What is the superior temporal gyrus?
BA 41 and 42 aka: - primary auditory cortex - Heschl's gyrus - transverse temporal gyri recognition/perception of complex auditory stimuli (speech) - receives projections from medial geniculate body receives input from left and right ear
33
What results from damage to superior temporal gyrus?
auditory verbal agnosia or pure word deafness receiving acoustic stimuli but can't tell you what it means
34
What is Wernicke's area?
auditory association cortex recall and interpret spoken language BA 22
35
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
connect Wernicke's area to Broca's area
36
What is the angular gyrus?
BA 39 stores symbols for reading, writing, calculations/arithmetic processes orthographic and abstract word forms receives rich visual projections from visual cortices
37
What kinds of impairments could result from damage to the angular gyrus?
alexia (reading), agraphia (writing), acalculia (calculating) jargon aphasia (in combination with Wernicke's area) conduction aphasia (in combination with arcuate fasiculus)
38
What is Wernicke's aphasia?
when you can understand the info but have a hard time assigning meaning lengthy speech production but makes no sense
39
What occurs with anterior temporal lobe damage?
impaired semantic knowledge processing of vowel change in verbs (ex. sleep-slept)
40
What occurs with left side temporal lobe damage?
naming deficits
41
What occurs with posterior temporal lobe damage?
impaired phonological word form access
42
What are some key features in the parietal love?
supramarginal gyrus post-central gyrus secondary somesthetic area
43
What is the supramarginal gyrus?
BA 40 semantic/syntactic/phonological sentence processing integrates visual and somesthetic input
44
What would occur with injury to the supramarginal gyrus?
jargon aphasia constructional apraxia poor gesture use/comprehension scanning and reading difficulties
45
What is the post central gyrus?
BA 1,2,3 primary somatosensory cortex receives ipsilateral and contralateral afferent information receives projections from ventral nuclei of thalamus
46
What is the secondary somatosensory area?
BA 5,7 receives input from BA 1,2,3 and dorsal thalamus discriminative touch integration of info about form, position, and temporal changes
47
What occurs in the occipital lobe?
integration of visual and auditory and sensory information
48
What are some important structures of the occipital lobe?
primary visual cortex | BA 18,19
49
What is the primary visual cortex?
BA 17 receives afferent fibres from lateral geniculate body of thalamus also ipsilateral temporal retina and contralateral nasal retina - right half visual field = left visual cortex - left half of visual field = right visual cortex
50
What is BA 18,19?
receives afferent fibres from primary visual cortex and thalamus real time integration of past visual experiences with recognition of what is received from visual sensory system
51
What would occur with injury to BA 18,19?
``` visual agnosia alexia without agraphia colour agnosia prosopagnosia object agnosia ```
52
What is agnosia?
percept stripped of its meaning due to either: - disconnect between primary sensory cortex and association cortex - damage to association cortex can receive and describe information but can't interpret it
53
How does the temporal half of the left retina map?
onto nasal visual field of left eye project ipsilaterally back to primary visual cortex
54
How does the nasal half of the right retina map?
onto temporal visual field of right eye contralateral projections back to primary visual cortex

CSD9617 Term Test 1 (7 decks)

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