Lecture 2.1 Flashcards
What is psycholinguistics?
the relationship between psychological processes and language operations
ex. word frequency
What is neurolinguistics?
neuroanatomical structures and neurophysiological processes that go along with language processes
ex. inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) or BA 44+45 responsible for morphosyntactic processing
What is sociolinguistics?
social rules, conventions, and guidelines that determine how we use language
ex. hard drive
What are some psycholinguisttic parameters?
frequency (how often you encounter them/how often they occur)
regularly vs. irregularly spelled words
personally relevant vs. not
syllables, length
imageable (concrete, easily described)
grammatical class (open class - nouns verbs adjectives - more easily retrieved than closed class - prepositions, articles, conjunctions)
homophones (ex. eight and ate - brain competes for which one is being used)
What are the components on the top half of the Ellis and Young model?
input
auditory system (speech), written component (graphemes), visual components (object/picture)
What are the components on the bottom half of the Ellis and Young model?
output
speech, gesture (ASL), written (graphemes)
What is the core of the Ellis and Young model?
semantic system
storage unit
word repository
add to this on a daily basis
What are dual models of word processing?
process-based explanation of word retrieval
limited to single word processing
doesn’t explain how they correspond with physical structures (brain regions, aphasia subtypes)
multiple levels, but 2 stages of word retrival
- semantic (meaning)
- lexical (phonology/morphology/syntax)
What are some of the input modalities of dual models of word processing?
auditory (heard) visual (printed, written, object, gesture, sign language) tactile (feel object, Braille) smell taste
What are the output modalities in dual models of word processing?
spoken
written
gestural/signed
What are the stages of processing a single word?
sensory input recognition/analysis of stimuli conceptualize the stimuli lexical selection formulate/plan output execute output
What occurs in the recognition/analysis of stimuli stage?
recruiting resources to recognize what it is
attention, working memory, selection, inhibition, executive resources
What occurs in the conceptualizing the stimuli stage?
what does this sensory input really mean?
activate semantic networks, select from co-activated concepts and suppress irrelevant
What occurs in the lexical selection stage?
activate all lexical network relevant to semantic concept
select from co-activated lexical competitors and suppress what is not needed
What occurs in the formulation/plan output stage?
activation, selection, suppression among phonemic or graphic representations pending output mode
are we going to say it, write it
What is a discrete stage model of word production? What are the steps?
one system to the next, top down model (no going back, no feedback)
conceptual-semantic representations
step 1: lexical-semantic representations (select a word’s semantic representation)
step 2: lexical-form representations (select the word form)
step 3: phonological encoding (select the phonemes of the word form)
articulation
What is an interactive activation model of word production?
feedback and feedforward mechanisms between features
step 1: word selection - word selected based on activation feeding into lexical network from semantic feature network and phonological network
step 2: phonological encoding - phonemes of the selected word representation are reactivated in the phonological network and encoded for articulation
articulation
What does the neuropscyhological model by Papathanasiou say about how we go from hearing a word to writing it?
number of different pathway options
some allow bypassing of various systems based on what we do or do not know
- ex. pathway 3 can be used when you don’t know how to spell a given word but can try using phoneme to grapheme conversion
What is the basis of the Papathanasiou dual-route model? (reading the word to speaking)
2 paths - multiple way to get message in and out depending on what pathway is preserved
- focusing on how to read a word and say it out loud
1: grapheme to phoneme conversion: try to say the word as it is written
- multiple stages: orthographic lexicon, phonological output lexicon, etc.
- more proper, going through the process
both lead to phonological assembly and then spoken word
What does the neuropsychological model by Papathanasiou say about how we go from seeing a picture to writing?
various pathways of increasing detail
- analyze what you see, go to semantic system
- bypass orthographic output lexicon
etc.
What are some examples of speech errors that occur in everyday speaking situations and in aphasia?
phoneme and phonetic
- substitutions (bat -> mat)
- additions (bake -> brake)
- deletions (brake -> bake)
word-level errors
- semantic (elbow -> knee)
- phonological (moustache -> mushroom)
- blends (lecture + session = sessure)
What is the role of the auditory analysis system (Ellis and Young?
extracts individual speech sounds
determines if signal is speech vs. non-speech
ex. “cat” recognized as a word and analyzed into specific phonemes (acoustic to phonological conversion)
What is the auditory input lexicon (Ellis and Young)?
start to attach meaning
recognition of familiar heard words (do I know this word or not?)
What is the role of the pathway from the auditory input lexicon to the semantic system (Ellis and Young)?
pathway 3
brings information to semantic system once identifying that the word has been heard before
matches heard familiar word to their meaning
