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2 Neuroanatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord
arises from neural tube

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2
Q

Neural tube

A

made of ecodermal cells
has fluid filled cavities (ventricles) which contain CSF

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3
Q

PNS

A

spinal nerves
cranial nerves
sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves
all associated ganglia

enteric nervous system

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4
Q

3 vesicle stage

A

Prosencephalon/forebrain
Mesencephalon/midbrain
Rhombencephalon/hindbrain

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5
Q

5 vesicle stage

A

Telecephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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6
Q

Telecephalon becomes…

A

cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
subcortical white matter
basal ganglia

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7
Q

Diencephalon becomes…

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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8
Q

Mesencephalon becomes…

A

cerebral peduncles
midbrain tectum
midbrain tegmentum

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9
Q

Metencephalon becomes…

A

pons
cerebellum

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10
Q

Myelencephalon becomes…

A

medulla

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11
Q

Flexures of embryo

A

Cephalic & Cervical

we lose the cervical, cephalic becomes the axis of the brain

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12
Q

Midbrain axises

A

superior = rostral
inferior = caudal
anterior = ventral
posterior = dorsal

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13
Q

Remainder of brain axises

A

superior = dorsal
inferior = ventral
anterior = rostral
posterior = caudal

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14
Q

Brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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15
Q

choroid plexus

A

produce CSF
present on 3rd/4th ventricle roof & roof/floor of lateral ventricles

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16
Q

CSF roles

A

provide support for brain/nervous system
regulate chemical environment of brain/ns
acts as a channel for chemical communicators

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17
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost, very delicate and adheres to surface of brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

joins but is night tightly bound to dura, leaving the subdural space

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19
Q

Dura mater

A

thickest and outermost of the membranes. serves protective function

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20
Q

Falx cerebri

A

dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

separates the cerebellum from central hemispheres

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22
Q

Cell body

A

contains nucleus

23
Q

dendrites

A

receive most inputs to cell

24
Q

axons

A

carry most outputs

25
Q

synapses

A

communication between neurons

26
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulated axons

27
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin in CNS

28
Q

Schwann cells

A

form myelin in PNS

29
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

unmyleninated axon
voltage-gated ion channels
conduction from node to node occurs by saltatory conduction

30
Q

glial cells

A

axons are insulated by specialized glial cells that form a lipid myelin sheath that speeds the rate of action potential conduction

31
Q

unipolar neuron

A

axon and dendrite from single process from cell body

32
Q

bipolar neuron

A

single dendrite and axon from cell body

33
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

has two processes; one goes to CNS, the other to the PNS

34
Q

multipolar neuron

A

most in brain and spinal cord
multiple branches of axons and dendrites

35
Q

Projection neurons

A

multipolar neurons w/long axons.
communicate to the PNS
axon terminals are at distant sites

36
Q

Interneurons

A

multipolar neurons w/short axons
remain in same region as the cell body location
processes info within the brain region

37
Q

Functions of chemical transmitters

A

neuromodulation
mediate rapid communication between neurons

38
Q

Neuromodulation

A

cellular signaling
can regulate synaptic transmission, neuronal growth, etc
can inhibit or facilitate signaling of neuron

39
Q

glutamate

A

most common excitatory chemical transmitter in CNS

40
Q

AcTH

A

most common excitatory chemical transmitter in PNS

41
Q

White matter brain

A

myleinated axons

42
Q

Gray matter brain

A

cell bodies

43
Q

Commisure

A

white matter structure that connects right and left sides of CNS

corpus collusm, anterior/posterior commissure, hippocampal commissure

44
Q

Ganglia

A

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

45
Q

Afferent

A

takes information towards the brain
sensory

46
Q

Efferent

A

takes information away from the brain
motor

47
Q

SNS arises from

A

throacic and lumbar spinal levels, T1-L3

48
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system arises from

A

cranial nerves and sacral levels (S2-S4)

49
Q

Autonomic nervous system is controlled by

A

higher centers in hypothalamus, limbic system, and afferent info from PNS

50
Q

M1 and S1

A

are mapped with a motor or sensory homuculus
motor focuses more on limbs, sensory has teeth, tongue, GI, etc.

51
Q

V1

A

retinal areas mapped in retinotopic fashion

52
Q

A1

A

mapped in tonotopic representation, sensing different frequencies

53
Q

Cerebral cortex layers

A

comprised of neocortex (6), paleocortex (6+), archiocortex (3)
allows for higher brain function

54
Q

Neocortex

A

6 cell layers
1 = dendrites, some axons
2/3 = neurons that go to other areas of cortex
4 = inputs from thalamus
5 = goes to subcortical structures, brainstem, spinal cord, basal ganglia
6 = goes to thalamus

2 Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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