Lecture 1

Question 1

What is anitomical position?

Answer 1

• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
• Thumbs point away from body

Question 2

How do you say

Toward and away from the head

Answer 2

superior and inferior

Question 3

How do you say

Toward the front and back of the body

Answer 3

Anterior and posterior

Question 4

How do you say

Toward the midline, away from the midline

Answer 4

Medial and lateral

Question 5

How do you say

Closer and farther from the origin of the body

Answer 5

Proximal and distal

Question 6

How do you say

Toward and away from the body surface

Answer 6

Superficial and deep

Question 7

Name these six regions

Answer 7

Question 8

Name these six regions of the trunk

Answer 8

Question 9

Name these eight regions of the upper limb

Answer 9

Question 10

Name these ten regions of the lower body

Answer 10

Question 11

Name the six regions on the posterior upper limb

Answer 11

Question 12

Name these six regions on the posterior lower limb

Answer 12

Question 13

Name these three regions on the posterior head and neck

Answer 13

Question 14

Name these six regions of the posterior trunk

Answer 14

Question 15

Name the four body planes

Answer 15

-Sagittal (divides into left and right)
-Frontal or coronal (divides into anterior/posterior)
-Transverse or horizontal (divides into superior and inferior)
-Oblique (diagonal)

Question 16

Name the four basic tissue types

Answer 16

1-Epithelial
2-Connective
3-Muscle
4-Nerve

Question 17

Name the three types of nerve tissue

Internal communication

Answer 17

-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Nerves

Question 18

Name the three types of muscle tissue

Contracts to cause movement

Answer 18

-Muscle attached to bones (Skeletal)
-Muscle of the heart (Cardiac)
-Muscle of the walls of hollow organs (Smooth)

Question 19

Name the two types of epithelial tissue

Forms boundaries, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

Answer 19

-Lining of digestive and other hollow organs
-Skin surface (Epidermis)

Question 20

Name the three types of connective tissue

Supports, protects, binds

Answer 20

-Bones
-Tendons and ligaments
-Fat and other soft padding tissue

Question 21

Name the three shapes of Epithelial cells

Answer 21

-Squamous (flat)
-Cuboidal
-Columnar

Question 22

Name the functions of simple squamous epithelia

Answer 22

-Diffusion and filtration
-Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymph and CV systems

In Kidney glomeruli, heart lining, blood vessels, lymph vessels, serosae

Question 23

Name the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia

Answer 23

Secretion and absorbtion

In Kidney tubules, ducts, secretory parts of glands, ovary surface

Question 24

Name the functions of simple columnar epithelia

Answer 24

Absorption and secretion

Goblet cells, can be cilliated, DG tract, GB, bronchi, uter(us)ine tubes

Question 25

Functions of psuedostratified columnar epithelia

Answer 25

Secretion and propulsion of mucus | 1 layer, diff hts, nuclei or not, cilia or not, trachea and vas deferens

Question 26

Name the functions of stratified squamous epithelia

Answer 26

Protections of underlying areas subjected to abrasion | Thick many layers (keratin), skin, esophagus, mouth, vagina (no keratin)

Question 27

Name the functions of transitional epithelia (Urothelium)

Answer 27

Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder | Base cuboidal/columnar w/domed/squamous top. UB, ureters, part o'urethra

Question 28

Name the two kinds of glands and the difference between them

Answer 28

1-Endocrine 2-Exocrine Endo are ductless and produce hormones. They secrete amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins and steroids (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal cortex, etc) directly into blood stream Exo are more numerous, secrete products onto skin or into body cavities. They secrete things like mucus, sweat, oil, saliva (pancreas and liver as well). Unicellular are goblet cells, multicellular are glands with ducts.

Question 29

What are the different modes of secretion

Answer 29

-Merocrine/Exocytosis -Holocrine/Rupture of gland cells

Question 30

Name the four types of connective tissue

Answer 30

1-Connective tissue proper 2-Cartilage 3-Bone 4-Blood

Question 31

Name the five functions of connective tissue

Answer 31

1-Binding 2-Support 3-Protection 4-Insulation 5-Transportation

Question 32

Common embryonic origin and its four connective cell descendants

Answer 32

Mesenchyme, which transforms into: 1-Fibrocytes, which become loose and dense connective tissue proper 2-Chondroctytes, which become hyaline, fibro- and elastic cartilage 3-Osteocyte, which becomes compact and spongy bone 4-Blood cells and macrophages (from hematopoietic stem cells), which differentiate into a complex aray of blood cells.

Question 33

Name the three structural elements of connective tissue

Answer 33

1-Ground substance (fills space b/t cells) 2-Fibers (collagen, elastic or reticular) 3-Cells (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells)

Question 34

Ground substance is made from

Answer 34

Interstitial tissue (fluid) Adhesion proteins (fibronectin and laminin) FXns as molecular sieve

Question 35

What are the three kinds of fibers in conn. tissue

Answer 35

Collagen (tough, provides tensile strength) Elastic (long, thin fibers that allow for stretch) Reticular (branched, form delicate networks)

Question 36

Embryonic connective tissue

Answer 36

Mesenchyme!

Question 37

Name two categories of connective tissue proper

Answer 37

Loose and Dense

Question 38

Name the three kinds of loose connective tissue proper

Answer 38

Areolar (cushions organs) Adipose (food stores, under skin, around KD, ab, boobs) Reticular (soft skeleton - STROMA - lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

Question 39

Name the three kinds of dense connective tissue proper

Answer 39

Regular (tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses) Irregular (dermis, GI, fibrous organ and join capsules) Elastic (arteries, verterbral ligaments, bronchi)

Question 40

Name the three kinds of cartilage

Answer 40

Hyaline (hard, ends of bones, trachea, larynx) Elastic (similar but more elastic, ear and epiglottis) Fibrocartilage (shocks, vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci)

Question 41

Cell type in bones and their location

Answer 41

Osteocytes in well-vascularized lacunae

Question 42

The process of making blood

Answer 42

hematopoeises

Question 43

Name of red blood cells

Answer 43

Erythrocytes

Question 44

Name of white blood cells

Answer 44

Leukocytes

Question 45

# Collagen Type Skin, tendon, vascular ligature, organs, bone (main component of the organic part of bone)

Answer 45

Collagen I

Question 46

# Collagen Type Cartilage (main component of cartilage)

Answer 46

Collagen II

Question 47

# Collagen Type Reticulate (main component of reticular fibers), commonly found alongside type I

Answer 47

Collagen III

Question 48

# Collagen Type Forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane

Answer 48

Collagen IV

Question 49

# Collagen Type Cell surfaces, hair and placenta

Answer 49

Collagen V

Question 50

# Collagen disorder Mutation in type I collagen

Answer 50

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Question 51

# Collagen disorder Mutation in type II collagen

Answer 51

Chondrodysplasias

Question 52

# Collagen disorder Ten different mutations identified affecting types I, III, V collagen

Answer 52

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Question 53

# Collagen disorder Mutation in type IV collagen

Answer 53

Alport syndrome

Question 54

# Collagen disorder Mutation in type X, V, III collagen

Answer 54

Knobloch syndrome