Lecture 7 Flashcards by Jesse Sachs

Muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement

Prime Mover (Agonist)

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Muscle that does opposite action of an Agonist

Antagonist

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Helpers to the Agonist

Synergists

adds force to a movement and reduces unwanted movements

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Muscles that immovilize a bone or muscle’s origin

Fixators (super-agonists)

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When fascicles run parallel to the long axis of muscle

Parallel

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Spindle-shaped muscles

Fusiform

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Short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of muscle

Pennate

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

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Fascicles converge from broad origin to single tendon

Convergent

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Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings

Circular
Sphincters

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Pivot point, usually fixed, sometimes a joint

Fulcrum

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Bone that pivots

lever

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Force applied to a lever

Effort

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Resistance moved by the effort

Load

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The fulcrum is between the load and the effort

first class

see-saw, scissors

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The load is betwen the fulcrum and the effort

second class

head on top of spine, wheelbarrow, standing on tip toes

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the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load

third class

bicep curls

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Two parts of the occipitofrontalis muscle

frontalis (anterior)
galea aponeurotica (nuerosis)
occipitalis (posterior)

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function of occipitofrontalis

scalp forward and back, raise eyebrows in schock/surprise, wrinkles forhead, smiling, yawning, wiggling ears

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11 muscles of face innervated by

Cranial nerve vii, Facial Nerve

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blinker, squinter

orbicularis oculi

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kissing, whistling

orbicularis oris

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elevate upper eyelid

levator palpebrae

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muscular cheek, assists whistling, blowing

buccinator

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smile

zygomaticus major/minor

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prime movers for mastication

temporalis and masseter

grinding movements in chewing

medial and lateral pterygoids

All four major mastication muscles innervated by

trigeminal nerve (V), mandibular branch (V3)

elevate and restract the mandible

temporalis

elevate and protract mandible

masseter

protrude mantible, deviate contralaterally (to opposite side)

medial pterygoids

protrude mantible, deviate contralaterally (to opposite side)

lateral pterygoids

tongue muscles innervated by

Cranial Nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve)

Three tongue muscles

Styloglossus Hyoglossus Genioglossus

forms bulk of tongue, depresses and protrudes tongue, implicated in sleep apnea

Genioglossus

retract the tongue, and create a hollow in the center of the tongue for swallowing

Styloglossus

depress the lateral sides of the tongue inferiorly

Hyoglossus

deppress hyoid

infrahyoid

elevate hyoid

suprahyoid

Posterior traingle border muscles

Anterior - sternocleidomastoid Posterior - trapezius Inferior - middle third of clavicle

Anterior triangle border muscles

Anterior - Midline of neck Posterior - Sternocleidomastoid Superior - mandible

Major head flexor

sternocleidomastoid

synergists to head flexion

supra and infra hydoid

lateral head movements

SCM and scalene

head extension

deep splenius, aided by superficial trapezius

Splenius muscles run

obliquely

Splenius muscles used unilaterally

rotate and laterally flex ipsilaterally

Splenius used bilaterally

extend neck

Splenius used bilaterally

extend neck

Prime mover of back extension

erector spinae, sacrospinalis

From lateral to medial, erector spinae muscles

Illiocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

Function of back muscle layers 1-3

superficial and move limbs

Function of back muscle layers 4-6

deep and move vertebral column and aid in posture

# Superficial back muscles Layer 1

trapezius, latissimus dorsi

# Superficial back muscles Layer 2

Rhomboid maj and min, lavator scapulae

# Superficial back muscles Layer 3

Serratus posterior superior (elevates ribs, inspiration) Serratus posterior inferios (depresses ribs, expiration)

# Deep back muscles Layer 4

Splenius capitis and cervicis

# Deep back muscles Layer 5

Erector spinae group (3 divisions) iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

# Deep back muscles Layer 6

rotatores – extend 1-2 segments multifidus – extend 3-4 segments semispinalis – extend >4 segments interspinales – SP to SP intertransversarii – TP to TP

rotatores – extend 1-2 segments

Multifidus

Semispinalis

interspinales

intertransversarii

Muscles for breathing

External intercostals, internal intercostals, diaphragm

Nerve supply to diaphragm

Phrenic nerve, C3-C5 "3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive!"

muscles of abdominal wall

internal and external obliques transversus abdominis rectus abdominis

Fascicles of abdominal muscles run at right/oblique angles, called

orthogonal, adds strength

Connective tissues of abdominal wall

pelvic diaphragm is composed of what two mucles

levator ani coccygeus

Go to text book if you care