Lecture 12 Flashcards by Jesse Sachs

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

 total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
 the partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture

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Henry’s Law

-when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
-the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its solubility

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Solubility and p. pressure of key gases in respiration

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CO2 in respiration

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Percentage of O2 saturation in various places in the body

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Percentage of CO2 in various places in the body

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the amount of gas reaching the alveoli

ventilation

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the VENOUS blood flow reaching the alveoli

perfusion

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in other words, the best perfusion ideally goes to the alveoli that have the best ventilation at any given moment

ventilation-perfusion coupling

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if PCO2 in alveoli is high

 dilate the bronchioles servicing those alveoli  constrict the CO2 loaded blood vessels [arterioles]

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if PCO2 in alveoli is low

 constrict the bronchioles servicing those alveoli  dilate the CO2 loaded blood vessels [arterioles]

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In internal respiration, pressure and diffusion gradents are

reversed from external

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PO2 in tissues is always _____ than the systemic arterial blood

Lower

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BLANK carries oxygen in blood

hemoglobin

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Each hemoglobin binds how many oxygen molecules?

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the hemoglobin-oxygen combination is called

oxyhemoglobin

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hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called

reduced or deoxyhemoglobin

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when all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen

saturated hemoglobin

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when one to three hemes are bound to oxygen

partially saturated hemoglobin

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Max saturation of O2 in blood

98%

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How much O2 in blood?

20% by volume, 20ml per 100ml of blood.

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How much O2 is released as blood flows thru capillaries?

5ml

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How much oxugen is unloaded during one systemic circulation?

20-25%

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Factors that increase O2 unload from Hb are higher in lungs or tissues?

Tissues

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biproduct of RBC metabolism that helps unload Os from Hb

2,3-biphosphoglycerate

can 2,3BPG bind to HbF(etal)?

cells metabilizing glucose, ^ CO2 and H+, causing acidosis (v pH), weakening of Hb O2 bond

Bohr effect

Working tissues increase factors that make O2 offloading easier

yes

N2O

Hb is a

vasoconstricter and NO scavenger

Deoxygenated Hb picks up

CO2 and NO and carries them to lungs for offloading

70% of CO2 is transported in the blood as

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid in RBCs.

Carbonic anhydrase

# at the tissues to counterbalance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBCs, chloride ions [Cl–] move from the plasma into the erythrocytes

Chloride shift

# at the lungs Chloride shift is reversed

bicarboniate binds with hydrogen to make carbonic acid, thats split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water, and COs diffuses from blood into alveoli and exhaled.

the lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood

Haldane effect

As more CO2 enter BL, more O2 dissociates from Hb

Bohr effect

The more O2 dissassociates from HB

more CO2 combines with Hb, more bicarbonate ions formed

relationship b/t tissue and pulmonary activity

reversed

Pacesetting respiratory center

DRG (dorsal respiratory group)

Continuously inhibits the inspiration center

pontine respiratory group

irritants promote reflexive ______ of air passages

constriction

stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated by lung inflation [prevent over-inflation]

inflation reflex [Hering-Breuer]

example: breath holding that occurs in anger

hypothalamic controls act through the limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration

examples: voluntary breath holding, taking a deep breath

cortical controls are direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls

carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the

cerebrospinal fluid where it is hydrated

rise in CO2 is called

hypercapnia

control of breathing at rest is regulated by the

hydrogen ion concentration in the brain

slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low PCO2 levels

hypocapnia

breathing cessation

apnea

arterial oxygen levels are monitored by the

aortic and carotid bodies

if carbon dioxide is not removed [e.g., as in emphysema and chronic bronchitis]

chemoreceptors become unresponsive to PCO2 chemical stimuli

**even if** carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal

changes in arterial pH can modify respiratory rate

Nerve involved in peripheral chemoreception

CN IX, pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

During vigorous excercise, what changes

breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous, but RATE doesnt change as much as you might think

COPD

Chropnic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Two examples of COPD

chronic bronchitis, obstructive emphysema

Blue Bloater

chronic bronchitis

a persistent cough that produces sputum for at least three months in two consecutive years

chronic bronchitis, decrease in O2, increase in CO2

chronic bronchitis caused by

chronic irritation of inhaled substances and microbial infections

Pink Puffer

emphysema

loss of elasticity of the lung tissue; destruction of structures supporting the alveoli; and destruction of capillaries feeding the alveoli

emphysema

who gets mysterious clubbing of fingertips?

pink puffers

characterized by dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness  active inflammation of the airways precedes bronchospasms [bronchoconstriction]

Asthma

episodic reversible bronchoconstriction

bronchial asthma

infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis

Recieve

Tx for TB

6-12 months of antibiotics

historical names of TB

white plague, consumption

What percent ofallpatientswithlungcancerweresmokers

90%

Lung cancer accounts for how many of cancer deaths in US

1/3

[20-40% of cases] arises in bronchial epithelium

squamous cell carcinoma

[25-35% of cases] originates in peripheral lung area

adenocarcinoma

[20-25% of cases] contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize

small cell carcinoma

Review the laws!