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Block 2: Neuroscience > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

(Peripheral and Central Organization)
Humans can discriminate?

A

> 1 trillion olfactory stimuli

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2
Q

(Peripheral and Central Organization)
Olfactory Receptor Neurons are?

A

(Olfactory sensory neurons)
Bipolar:
-Dendrite form cilia
-Axons form axonal bundles
-Terminate in olfactory bulb

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3
Q

(Peripheral and Central Organization)
Olfactory Epithelium line?

A

Nose

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4
Q

(Odor Receptor (OR))
~400-500 genes in the human genome code for?

A

~1000 olfactory receptors
-7 trans-membrane domains
-G-protein coupled receptors
-Expressed in specific regions of olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

(Odor Receptor (OR))
Sensitivity of Odor Receptor (OR) is due to?

A

Expression of a SINGLE subtype of Odor Receptor

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6
Q

(Odor Receptor (OR))
A single Odor Receptor Neuron may respond to?

A

Single or multiple odorants

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7
Q

(Specialist Receptors/Organs)
What are the two types?

A

-Trace-Amine-Associated-Receptors
-Vomeronasal Organ

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8
Q

(Specialist Receptors/Organs)
Trace-Amine-Associated-Receptors?

A

-Found in ALL mammals including humans
-Uses Golf/cAMP signal transduction mechanisms
-Highly selective for specific pheromones

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9
Q

(Specialist Receptors/Organs)
Vomeronasal Organ?

A

-Found in non-ape mammals excluding humans
-Contains specialist receptors specific to pheromones

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10
Q

1st Route via Olfactory G-Protein (Golf)?

A

-Tons of + ions coming in and a lot of - ions going out, eventually leading to APs
-When Odorant binds we activate Golf (acts like Gs) increases production of cAMP, cAMP binds to Na+/Ca2+ channel

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11
Q

(Olfactory Adaptation)
What are the 3 types of Olfactory Adaptation?

A

-Initial Adaptation
-Short-term Adaptation
-Long-term Adaptation

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12
Q

(Olfactory Adaptation)
Initial Adaptation?

A

(within seconds)
Increased Ca2+ binds to a Ca2+ binding protein (cbp) that desensitizes the CNGA channel

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13
Q

(Olfactory Adaptation)
Short-term Adaptation?

A

(within 30 seconds to a minute and a half)
Increased desensitization via Ca2+ calmodulin protein kinase II acting on Adenylate Cyclase (AC)

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14
Q

(Olfactory Adaptation)
Long-term Adaptation?

A

Ca2+-mediated nitric oxide production stimulates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP (cG)
(cGMP causes persistent Ca2+ influx through CNGA channel leading to further desensitization of CNGA and AC)

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15
Q

Olfactory Adaptation?

A

When you smell something less and less (Get used to the smell so it is not apparent anymore)

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16
Q

2nd Route via Olfactory G-Protein (Golf)?

A

Golf (similar to Gq) activates Phospholipase C (PLC)-IP3 pathway, influx of calcium leads to depolarization of cell and firing of APs

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17
Q

(Olfactory Bulb)
Axons of ORN synapse in glomeruli of olfactory bulb (OB)?

A

-Receives thousands of ORN axons which synapse with 20-50 relay neurons (mitral/tufted)
-Receives information from only ONE type of ORN

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18
Q

(Olfactory Bulb)
What are the 5 layers?

A

(Top to Bottom)
-Granule cell layer
-Mitral cell layer
-External plexiform layer
-Glomeruli
-Olfactory nerves

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19
Q

(Olfactory Bulb)
Lateral inhibition increases?

A

Older discrimination (both at glomeruli and mitral/tufted)
(help to determine between different smells)

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20
Q

(Olfactory Projections)
Mitral cells send information to?

A

5 different regions

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21
Q

(Olfactory Projections)
What are the 5 regions mitral cells send information to?

A

-Anterior olfactory nucleus
-Olfactory tubercle
-Piriform cortex
-Amygdala
-Entorhinal cortex

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22
Q

(Olfactory Projections)
Pathway through Thalamus to Orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Odor perception and discrimination

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23
Q

(Olfactory Projections)
Pathways to Amygdala and Hypothalamus?

A

-Emotional and motivation aspects of smell
-Physiological and behavioral aspects of smell
-Odor induced fear signaling in Amygdala-Piriform boundary

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24
Q

(Olfactory Projections)
(Pathways to Amygdala and Hypothalamus)
Odor induced fear signaling in?

A

Amygdala-Piriform boundary

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25
(Peripheral and Central Organization) Taste cells (receptors) are located on?
Tongue, pharynx, palate, epiglottis, and upper 1/3 of esophagus
26
(Peripheral and Central Organization) Cranial Nerve Innervation?
-CN VII -CN IX -CN X
27
(Peripheral and Central Organization) CN VII?
(chords tympani branch of facial) via geniculate ganglion
28
(Peripheral and Central Organization) CN IX?
(lingual branch of glossopharyngeal) via petrosal ganglion
29
(Peripheral and Central Organization) CN X?
(superior laryngeal branch of Vagal) via nodose ganglion
30
(Peripheral and Central Organization) CN X?
(superior laryngeal branch of Vagal) via nodose ganglion
31
Taste Buds?
(containing taste cells) Embedded in papillae
32
(Taste Buds) Anterior 2/3?
-Fungiform and filiform papillae -Innervated by CN VII (chords tympani/facial)
33
(Taste Buds) Posterior Portion?
-Circumvallate and foliate -Innervated by CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
34
How many Tastants?
5 (sometimes 6)
35
Tastants?
Specific taste occur across whole tongue
36
(Tastants) What are the 5 Tastants?
-Sweet (sucrose (threshold 20 mM)) -Salty (NaCl (threshold 10mM)) -Sour (citric acid (threshold 2mM)) -Bitter (quinine (threshold 8uM)) -Umami (glutamate (threshold 100uM))
37
(Tastants) Bitter and Sour have?
Super low threshold
38
(Tastants) Sweet?
Sucrose (threshold 20mM)
39
(Tastants) Salty?
NaCl (threshold 10mM)
40
(Tastants) Sour?
Citric acid (threshold 2mM)
41
(Tastants) Bitter?
Quinine (threshold 8uM)
42
(Tastants) Umami?
Glutamate (threshold 100uM)
43
How many types of Taste Cells?
4 -Type I -Type II -Type III -Basal Cells
44
(Taste Cells) Type I Cells?
-Support function -Putative salt sensor
45
(Taste Cells) Type II Cells?
-Contain G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling effectors for bitter, sweet and umami -Associate closely with afferent nerve fibers; DO NOT from conventional synapses
46
(Taste Cells) Type III Cells?
-Respond to sour stimuli -Form prominent synapses with afferent nerve fibers -Vesicular release of serotonin and ATP
47
(Taste Cells) Basal Cells?
Progenitor cells (10 day turnover rate)
48
(Taste Cells) Numerical Distribution?
Type I > Type II > Type III
49
(Taste Cells) Umami?
(T1R1+ T1R3) (Heterodimer GPCRs) -L-glutamate -Nucleotide enhancers
50
(Taste Cells) Sweet?
(T1R2 + T1R3) (Heterodimer GPCRs) -Sugars -Artificial sweeteners -D-amino acids -Glycine -Sweet proteins
51
(Taste Cells) Bitter?
(~30 T2Rs) (GPCRs (monomer)) -Cycloheximide -Denatonium -Salicin -PTC -Saccharin -Quinine strychnin atropine
52
(Taste Cells) Sodium?
(ENaCl) (Ion Channels) -Low NaCl -Sodium salts
53
(Taste Cells) Sour and Carbonation cells?
(PKD2L1) (CA IV) (Ion Channels) -Acids -Carbonated drinks
54
(Taste Cells) Sour is sensation caused by?
Intracellular acidification of cells (membrane permeable acids are more potent tastants)
55
(Taste Cells) Type I Cells (Theory)?
-Responsible for salt attraction (high salt sensitivity - low concentration) -NOT responsible for salt aversion (low salt sensitivity - high concentration)
56
(Taste Cells) (Type I Cells (Theory)) Responsible for salt attraction (high salt sensitivity - low concentration)?
-Via Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) -NaCl-sensitive, NOT KCL or CsCl -Inhibited by amiloride
57
(Taste Cells) (Type I Cells (Theory)) NOT responsible for salt aversion (low salt sensitivity - high concentration)?
-Salt aversion via bitter receptors on Type II cells -NaCl, KCL and CsCl sensitive
58
(Taste Cells) (Type II Cells (Theory)) Sweet/Bitter/Umami activate?
GPCR to PLCB2 to make IP3 and DAG, increase calcium in space binds to TRPM5, TRPM5 allows influx of NA into cell (depolarization) and opens more Na channels which reach threshold and get burst of APs and get opening of CALHM1 leading to ATP release
59
(Taste Cells) (Type II Cells (Theory)) Type II cells DO NOT?
Form conventional synapses with afferent nerves
60
(Taste Cells) (Type III Cells (Theory)) PKD2L-1 expressing cells are critical for?
Sour sensing -Citric acid (sour) induces cation influx via PKD heterodimer -However, PKD knockout does not eliminate sour sensing (only reduces)
61
(Taste Cells) (Type III Cells (Theory)) Type III cells are specific to?
Sour tasting
62
(Taste Cells) (Type III Cells (Theory)) When we kill off PKD2L1 when we are exposed to sour taste it was?
A lot less but not completely gone
62
(Taste Cells) (Type II Cells (Theory)) Type II cells associate closely with?
Afferent nerve fibers, but do not form conventional synapses
63
(Taste Cells) (Type III Cells (Theory)) Type III cells form?
Prominent synapses with afferent nerve fibers
64
Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves?
-Intragemnal Fibers (Gustatory Nerves) -Perigemmal Fibers (Somatosensory Nerves)
65
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) Intragemnal Fibers?
(Gustatory Nerves) -CN VII, IX and X - innervate taste bud/cell -Contain P2X2/3 receptors (critical for all tastes)
66
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) Perigemmal Fibers?
(Somatosensory Nerves) -CN V (Trigeminal) - Play a role in chemesthesis (detect pain and more) (not found in taste bud/cell but are found in periphery)
67
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) Intragemmal Fibers (Gustatory Nerves)?
-Type II (ATP via CalHM1) (non-vesicle) -Type III (GABA, 5HT and ATP) (via vesicles) -NTPDase2 breaks down ATP signals -Possible inter-TRC communication: (activated Type II cells release ATP which activates Type III cells) (activated Type III cells release GABA and 5HT which inhibit Type II cells)
68
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) (Intragemmal Fibers (Gustatory Nerves)) Type II?
(ATP via CalHM1) -Non-vesicle)
69
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) (Intragemmal Fibers (Gustatory Nerves)) Type III?
(GABA, 5HT and ATP) -Via vesicles
70
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) (Intragemmal Fibers (Gustatory Nerves)) NTPDase2 breaks down?
ATP signals
71
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) (Intragemmal Fibers (Gustatory Nerves)) Possible inter-TRC communication?
-Activated Type II cells release ATP which activates Type III cells -Activated Type III cells release GABA and 5HT which inhibit Type II cells
72
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) Perigemmal Fibers (Somatosensory Nerves)?
-Trigeminal (V cranial nerve) is main somatosensory innervation of head -Nociceptors subtypes -CNS projections to Sp5 in medulla and onto thalamus to modulate taste and in some cases evoke defensive reflexes
73
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) (Perigemmal Fibers (Somatosensory Nerves)) Trigeminal (V) Cranial Nerves?
(Main somatosensory innervation of head) -These fibers are NOT interacting with taste cells but rather detecting aversive stimulate (ex. pain) and temperature in oral cavity (chemesthesis)
74
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) (Perigemmal Fibers (Somatosensory Nerves)) Nociceptors subtypes?
-TRPV1 - chili (capsaicin), head, acid -TRPA1 - wasabi -TRPM8 - method, cold
75
(Taste Cells and Afferent Nerves) (Perigemmal Fibers (Somatosensory Nerves)) CNS projections to?
Sp5 in medulla and onto thalamus to modulate taste and in some cases evoke defensive reflexes (ex. dry heaving)
76
Routes of Activation?
-Each taste cell is innervated by primary gustatory fibers (CN VII, IX and X) -Some afferent fibers are "specialist" - suggests "labeled-line" coding -Some afferent fibers are "generalist" - suggests "combinatorial" coding
77
(Routes of Activation) Each taste cell is innervated by?
Primary gustatory fibers (CN VII, IX and X) -Each fiber branches, innervating many taste buds and many taste ells within a bud -Electrical activity within a single fiber represents input from many cells
78
(Routes of Activation) Some afferent fibers are "specialist"?
Suggests "labeled-lined" coding (Type II (sweet, bitter and sour))
79
(Routes of Activation) Some afferent fibers are "generalist"?
Suggests "combinatorial" coding (Type III (sour))
80
(Routes of Activation) Projections?
Projections of various gustatory nerves travel to cortex
81
(Routes of Activation) Projections of various gustatory nerves travel to cortex?
-Nucleus of solitary tract (NST) in medulla -Ventral posterior medial thalamus (VPM) and parabrachial nucleus (PbN) -Gustatory nucleus (GN) of cortex (where information for taste is separated from other sensory modalities of tongue)
82
(Routes of Activation) Responses?
-3 Types of Information extracted from tastants (quality, intensity and hedonic value)
83
(Routes of Activation) (Responses) 3 Types of Information extracted from Tastants?
-Quality (is it salty? Is it sweet?) -Intensity (how sweet is it? how salty is it?) -Hedonic value (perceived pleasantness or unpleasantness of a stimulus) (can be measured by ingestive vs. protective behaviors)
84
(Routes of Activation) (Responses) In the CNS there is an overlap of neuronal responses to stimuli such as?
Sweet, salty and sour, but NONE between bitter and sweet
85
(Routes of Activation) (Responses) These stimuli cause motor driven behaviors that result in?
Ingestive or Protective Responses

Block 2: Neuroscience (5 decks)

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