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Block 2: Neuroscience > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Sound?

A

Pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

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2
Q

(Sound)
4 Major Features?

A

-Amplitude
-Frequency
-Phase
-Waveform

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3
Q

(Sound)
Two most important features of sound?

A

-Amplitude
-Frequency

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4
Q

(Sound)
Amplitude?

A

Measure of the size of the pressure fluctuations (perceived loudness)
(unit is decibel (dB))

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5
Q

(Sound)
Frequency?

A

Measure of the rate of the vibratory movements of the air- number of vibratory cycles that occur in one second (perceived pitch)
(Hertz (Hz))

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6
Q

(Sound)
Phase?

A

Relationship between 2 sine waves

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7
Q

(Sound)
Perception of sound corresponds to?

A

Loudness and Pitch

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8
Q

(Limits of Human Hearing)
Do Not Perceive Amplitude Levels at?

A

All Frequencies Equally

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9
Q

(Limits of Human Hearing)
Feeling/Pain?

A

120-140 dB SPL

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10
Q

(Limits of Human Hearing)
Uncomfortable Loudness?

A

100 dB SPL

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11
Q

(Limits of Human Hearing)
Most Sensitive Thresholds?

A

2000-5000 Hz

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12
Q

External Ear composed of?

A

-Pinna
-Concha
-Auditory Meatus

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13
Q

(External Ear)
Function?

A

-Protection
-Sound gathering providing a high frequency boost >3k Hz
-Sound localization and elevation detection

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14
Q

(External Ear)
Sound localization and elevation detection?

A

Outer Ear alters effective spectrum of sound in a manner dependent on location (up or down) of sound source in vertical plane

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15
Q

Middle Ear consists of?

A

-Tympanic Membrane
-Malleus
-Incus
-Stapes

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16
Q

(Middle Ear)
Stapes?

A

(Smallest Bone)
Pounds on oval window to send signal into inner ear

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17
Q

(Middle Ear)
Function?

A

Impedance Matching (air has a lower impedance (resistance to movement) than fluid in the inner ear

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18
Q

(Middle Ear)
(Impedance Matching)
No Middle Ear?

A

30 dB loss intensity

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19
Q

(Middle Ear)
(Impedance Matching)
With Middle Ear?

A

34 dB gain to resolve impedance mismatch between air and fluid

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20
Q

(Middle Ear)
Larger area of tympanic membrane relative to oval window and lever action of middle ear bones or oscines provide?

A

Impedance Matching (compensates for differences in resistance to movement between air and fluid of inner ear)

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21
Q

(Inner Ear: Cochlea)
Cochlea consists of?

A

-Scala vestibuli
-Scala tympani
-Scala media
-Basilar membrane
-Organ of court

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22
Q

(Inner Ear: Cochlea)
As stapes pounds on oval window?

A

It moves fluid inside cochlea (perilymph similar to other extracellular fluid (0 mV, low K+)) (endolymph in scala media has higher K+, lower Na+ concentrations (+80 mV))

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23
Q

(Tonotopic Organization of Cochlea)
Basilar Membrane (BM) is stiffest at?

A

Base and least stiff at Apex

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24
Q

(Tonotopic Organization of Cochlea)
Gradient in stiffness changes location of maximum displacement depending on?

Study These Flashcards
A

Frequency of sound waves (high frequencies = base) (low frequencies = apex)

25
(Tonotopic Organization of Cochlea) High Frequencies?
Base (nearer stapes (oval window) at stiffer, narrow base of basilar membrane)
26
(Tonotopic Organization of Cochlea) Low Frequencies?
Apex (nearer wider and more compliant apex of basilar membrane)
27
(Cochlea: Organ of Corti) Organ of Corti is a complex structure composed of?
-Basilar membrane -3 rows of outer hair cells -1 row of inner hair cells -Supporting cells
28
(Cochlea: Organ of Corti) Tectorial Membrane?
Covers apical matrix of organ of court
29
(Excitation of Hair Cells) When basilar membrane moves in the upward direction?
"Shear Force" is generated
30
(Excitation of Hair Cells) "Shear Force" generated?
-Stereocilia (connected by tip links) bend in lateral direction which opens MET (mechanoelectric transducer) channels -K+ current depolarizes cell and opens voltage dependent Ca2+ channels leading to transmitter release -Ca++ dependent K+ channels open causing repolarization
31
(Inhibition of Hair Cells) When basilar membrane moves in the downward direction?
Stereocilia bend in the medial direction
32
(Inhibition of Hair Cells) Medial bending closes the?
MET (mechanoelectric transducer) channels and repolarizes/inhibits hair cells
33
(Hair Cell Types) Outer Hair Cells (OHC)?
-"Sound Amplifiers" -3 rows along length of cochlea -12,000 OHCs total -Cylindrical in shape
34
(Hair Cell Types) Inner Hair Cells (IHC)?
-"Sound Transducers" -1 row along length of cochlea -3,500 IHCs total -Flask shaped (what sends auditory signaling to Brain)
35
(Outer Hair Cells) Function of OHCs ?
"Amplify" vibration of basilar membrane and serve to improve hearing sensitivity
36
(Outer Hair Cells) Activation/Inhibition of an OHC causes it to?
Change in length, by stretching the Prestin Proteins in the cell body (excitatory phase = shortens cell) (inhibitory phase = elongates cell)
37
(Outer Hair Cells) Excitatory Phase?
Shorten Cell
38
(Outer Hair Cells) Inhibitory Phase?
Elongates Cell
39
(Outer Hair Cells) Most common type of permanent hearing loss occurs when?
There is damage to OHCs and the "cochlear amplifier" is lost
40
(Inner Hair Cells) Function of IHCs?
Transducer mechanical vibration into neural signals
41
(Inner Hair Cells) Activation of an IHC causes?
A chemical reaction in the cell, this reaction causes neurotransmitter release at base of the IHC, neurotransmitter activates auditory neuron (CN VIII)
42
(Nerve Fibers) Type I Fibers?
-Afferent's from CN VIII (Auditory Nerve) -Associated with IHC
43
(Nerve Fibers) Type II Fibers?
-Efferent's that can modify sound -Associated with OHC
44
(Central Auditory Pathways) Depolarization first reaches cochlear nucleus after?
(only portion of pathway that receives signal from 1 ear) Cochlear nucleus will receive from both ears
45
(Central Auditory Pathways) From superior olive complex (SOC) and up?
Information from either ear (binaural) is traveling together
46
(Central Auditory Pathways) Auditory Nerve -->
(In order) -Cochlear Nucleus (CN) -Superior Olivary Complex (SOC) -Inferior Colliculus (IC) -Medial Geniculate Body (MGB) -Auditory Cortex
47
(Central Auditory Pathways) Cochlear Nucleus?
-1st auditory nucleus -Located in medulla (Brainstem) -Uniaural (receives input from one ear)
48
(Central Auditory Pathways) Cochlear nucleus main functions?
-Relays signals to SOC (without processing) -Analyzes complex signals and sends this information to IC (Inferior Colliculus)
49
(Central Auditory Pathways) Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)?
-Located in pons (Brainstem) -Binaural (receives input from BOTH ears) -Contain 2 nuclei involved in sound localization (lateral superior olive (LSO)) (medial superior olive (MSO))
50
(Central Auditory Pathways) (Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)) Lateral Superior Olive?
(LSO) -Localization of HIGH frequency sounds -Using intramural sound level (loudness) differences
51
(Central Auditory Pathways) (Superior Olivary Complex (SOC)) Medial Superior Olive?
(MSO) -Localization of LOW frequency sounds -Using intramural time differences
52
(Central Auditory Pathways) Inferior Colliculus (IC)?
-Located in midbrain (Brainstem) -Combines spatial information (from SOC) with information about complex sounds (from CN) -Coordinates auditory and visual responses in combination with superior colliculus -Involved in auditory reflexes
53
(Central Auditory Pathways) (Inferior Colliculus (IC)) Auditory Reflexes?
-Auditory startle reflex (loud sound causes large scale muscle contraction) -Head-turn response
54
(Central Auditory Pathways) Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)?
-Located in thalamus ("gateway to cortex") -Receives most inputs from IC and projects to auditory cortex -Relay station for information going up to (or down from) auditory cortex
55
(Central Auditory Pathways) Auditory Cortex?
(Highest level of sound processing) -Mediate auditory memory -Perform complex auditory discriminations, including speech discrimination -Use spatial information regarding location of a sound source to meditate appropriate (non-reflexive) motor responses -Mediate formation of concepts about auditory stimulus -Perform difficult auditory tasks
56
(Efferent Innervation of Hair Cells) There are approximately 1,600 efferent auditory nerve fibers in humans though to?
Modulate cochlear activity
57
(Efferent Innervation of Hair Cells) Part of the "olivocochlear bundle" which descends from superior olivary complex to the?
Cochlea (made up of 2 components (UOCB (uncrossed)) (COCB) (crossed))
58
(Efferent Innervation of Hair Cells) ("Olivocochlear Bundle") UOCB?
(Uncrossed Olivocochlear Bundle) LSO --> inner hair cells on SAME side
59
(Efferent Innervation of Hair Cells) ("Olivocochlear Bundle") COCB?
(Crossed Olivocochlear Bundle) MSO --> outer hair cells on OPPOSITE side

Block 2: Neuroscience (5 decks)

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