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Block 2: Neuroscience > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Somatosensory System?

A

Network of neurons that help humans recognize objects, discriminate textures, generate sensory-motor feedback and exchange social cues

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2
Q

(Somatosensory System)
Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, and Nociceptors?

A

Sensory Ending

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3
Q

(Primary Afferents)
Mechanoreception?

A

-Merkel cell
-Meissner corpuscle
-Ruffini corpuscle
-Pacinian corpuscle
-Free nerve ending

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4
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Mechanoreception)
Merkel cell?

A

(A beta)
Pressure, form, texture

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5
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Mechanoreception)
Meissner corpuscle?

A

(A beta)
Flutter, motion

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6
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Mechanoreception)
Ruffini corpuscle?

A

(A beta)
Stretch

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7
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Mechanoreception)
Pacinian corpuscle?

A

(A beta)
Vibration

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8
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Mechanoreception)
Free nerve ending?

A

(C)
Pressure

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9
Q

(Primary Afferents)
Thermoreception?

A

-Free nerve ending
-Free nerve ending

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10
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Thermoreception)
Free Nerve Ending (C)?

A

Warmth

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11
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Thermoreception)
Free Nerve Ending (A gamma)?

A

Cold

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12
Q

(Primary Afferents)
Nociception?

A

-Free nerve ending
-Free nerve ending

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13
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Nociception)
Free Nerve Ending (small, myelinated)?

A

(A gamma)
Sharp, localized pain

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14
Q

(Primary Afferents)
(Nociception)
Free Nerve Ending (unmyelinated)?

A

(C)
Burning

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15
Q

Mechanoreceptors?

A

Discriminative touch

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16
Q

Thermoreceptors?

A

Temperature sensation

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17
Q

Nociceptors?

A

Pain

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18
Q

A beta fibers?

A

Discriminative touch

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19
Q

A gamma fibers?

A

Acute pain

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20
Q

C fibers?

A

Dull pain

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21
Q

Mechanoreceptors?

A

Responsible for discriminative touch

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22
Q

(Mechanoreceptors)
Superficial Layers?

A

-Meissner corpuscle (flutter, motion, more “general” touch)
-Merkels Disks (pressure, form, texture, identification of “edges and stripes”)

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23
Q

(Mechanoreceptors)
Deeper Layers?

A

-Ruffini Corpuscle (stretch)
-Pacinian Corpuscle (deep pressure and vibration)

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24
Q

(Mechanoreceptors)
Burn patients often have issues with the function of?

A

Meissner corpuscles and Merkel’s disks (given receptors proximity to surface of skin, burn patients are more likely to lose light touch and identification of objects by touch)

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25
Two-Point Discrimination?
Ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one
26
(Two-Point Discrimination) Receptive Field?
An area of skin that, when stimulated with an adequate stimulus, will cause a specific neuron to after its activity (may vary in size)
27
(Two-Point Discrimination) Smaller the receptive field, the more?
We are able to distinguish between sensations
28
(Two-Point Discrimination) Regions like the face and hands are?
Very sensitive and can discern to two distinct points
29
(Two-Point Discrimination) Other regions of the body (arms, torso, legs)?
Cannot do so
30
Cutaneous Sensory Transduction?
-Membrane stretched (or touched), ion channels open and allow influx of ions and cause depolarization and firing of APs
31
(Cutaneous Sensory Transduction) Receptors produce a generator potential through voltage- or ligand-gated ion channels which?
Transduce degrees of skin deformation (stretch) or thermal energy (physical stimuli (stretching of skin) yank open these receptors in order to transduce signals)
32
Rapid Adapting Receptors?
Respond to changes in stimuli on skin (ex. picking something up and putting something down)
33
Slowly Adapting Receptors?
Respond over course of stimulus (ex. getting dressed in the morning and slowly losing sensation of each item as day progresses)
34
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Meissner's corpuscle?
Rapidly Adapting
35
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Merkel's discs?
Slowly Adapting
36
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Pacinian corpuscles?
Rapidly Adapting
37
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Ruffini's ending?
Slowly Adapting
38
Perception of texture and pattern is a function of?
Both Rapidly and Slowly Adapting Receptors
39
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Slow Adapting?
Place + Duration ("where we are and how long the stimulus is coming from each dot")
40
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Rapidly Adapting?
Changes in form
41
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Inactivation of any of the four receptors types leads to?
Inability to interpret shape
42
(Slowly vs. Rapidly Adapting Receptors) Inactivation of any of the four receptors types leads to?
Inability to interpret shape
43
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Somatosensory information enters CNS via?
Dorsal root ganglia into dorsal root
44
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Once inside spinal cord sensory fibers carrying touch, pressure and vibration (mechanosensory) information travel up?
Posterior/dorsal column
45
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Once inside spinal cord sensory fibers carrying pain and temperature information travel up?
Lateral column
46
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Lateral = ?
Upper Body (posterior/dorsal column of spinal cord)
47
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Medial = ?
Lower Body (posterior/dorsal column of spinal cord)
48
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Lower Body Sensation?
Most medial portion of posterior/dorsal column
49
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Upper Body Sensation?
Most lateral portion of posterior/dorsal column
50
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Injury to either the medial or lateral portions of the posterior/dorsal column can lead to?
Loss of mechanosensation in specific regions of the body
51
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) Mechanosensory information from Lower Body travels by?
Dorsal root ganglia (enters through lumbar spinal cord) and travels up gracile tract to gracile nucleus (in Brainstem (Caudal Medulla))
52
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) Mechanosensory information from Upper Body travels by?
Dorsal root ganglia (enters through cervical spinal cord) and travels up cuneate tract to cuneate nucleus (in Brainstem (Caudal Medulla))
53
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) Lower = ?
Gracile
54
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) Upper = ?
Cuneate
55
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) Cross (decussation) to other side at?
Internal arcuate fibers of medulla (at Brainstem is where we cross)
56
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) Left Spinal Injury?
Loss of mechanosensation in left side
57
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) Right Brain Stem Injury?
Loss of mechanosensation in right side
58
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) After crossing at internal arcuate fibers (caudal medulla) travels up?
Medial lemniscus synapses at lateral nucleus of thalamus, then projections will go up to primary somatic sensory cortex
59
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) After internal arcuate fibers decussate, they form?
Medial lemniscus tract which travels up to ventral posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus (VPLM)
60
(Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System) After VPLM, fibers ascend to?
Primary (SI) and Secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex where we being integrating somatosensory information
61
(Trigemino-Thalamic-Cortical Pathway) Mechanosensory from face enters brainstem through?
Trigeminal ganglion and synapses trigeminal nucleus and rises up thalamus via trigeminal lemniscus
62
(Trigemino-Thalamic-Cortical Pathway) Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus?
Makeup for the Face
63
(Trigemino-Thalamic-Cortical Pathway) Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus?
Lotion for the Body
64
(Trigemino-Thalamic-Cortical Pathway) Mechanosensory information from the FACE enters the brainstem directly via?
Trigeminal ganglion and synapses in principal trigeminal nucleus of caudal medulla
65
(Trigemino-Thalamic-Cortical Pathway) Fibers immediately cross midline and ascend via?
Trigeminal lemniscus to ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
66
(Trigemino-Thalamic-Cortical Pathway) From Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus of Thalamus the fibers ascend to the?
Primary (SI) and Secondary (SII) Somatosensory cortex where we begin integrating somatosensory information
67
Somatotopic Organization?
How Brains, higher order centers of thinking, are organized
68
(Somatotopic Organization) Ventral Posterior Complex (Thalamus)?
(VPL + VPM) Face uses up largest area of ventral posterior complex (VPM; medial) and somatosensory cortex (due to a large density of information coming from a large number of neurons with small receptive fields)
69
(Somatotopic Organization) VPM will be significantly larger than VPL?
A lot of sensory from face so need larger portion
70
(Somatotopic Organization) Brain isn't mapped out relative to how big the body part is?
It is mapped out by how dense the information is that's coming from the body part
71
Thermoreceptors?
Responsible for detecting changes in temperature (A gamma fibers --> cold) (C fibers --> warmth)
72
(Thermoreceptors) Capsaicin binds to?
An allosteric binding site on a vanillin receptor (VR-1) (these receptors are associated with free nerve endings)
73
Nociceptors?
(no "pain" receptors in the body) Respond to very intense and possibly harmful stimuli
74
(Nociceptors) Associated with free nerve endings?
-A gamma fibers (excitatory amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, ATP) -C fibers (substance P, Neurokinins A&B, Cholycstokinin, Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP), Vasointestinal Peptide (VIP))
75
(Nociceptors) Associated with free nerve endings?
-A gamma fibers (excitatory amino acids (glutamate, aspartate, ATP) -C fibers (substance P, Neurokinins A&B, Cholycstokinin, Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP), Vasointestinal Peptide (VIP))
76
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Enters through dorsal root ganglia and immediately cross spinal cord at?
Anterior white commissure (lateral side)
77
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Lesion of Left Side?
Nociceptive afferents from right side will be affected by left side lesion
78
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Left Side Spinal Cord Injury?
Mechanoreceptive injury on left side and Nociceptive injury on right side (due to crossing over)
79
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Mechanoreceptive information enters spinal cord via?
Dorsal horn and travels up posterior/dorsal column ipsilaterally (same side) (it will not cross until it reaches Brainstem)
80
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Nociceptive information will enter spinal cord via?
Dorsal horn and cross to lateral side immediately via anterior white commissure
81
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Left Spinal Cord Lesion?
Loss of discriminative touch in Left Side
82
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Left Spinal Cord Lesion?
Loss of temperature and pain sensation in Right Side
83
(Segregation of Somatosensory Information in CNS) Left Spinal Cord Lesion?
Loss of temperature and pain sensation in Right Side
84
Lissauer's Tract
2-3 segments above and below dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) that add redundancy. From an evolutionary standpoint, this helps is maintain nociceptive perception in case of injury (won't just enter at 1 region, enters at multiple regions)
85
(Anterolateral (Neospinothalamic) Tract) Crosses as soon as it enter spinal cord (at anterior white commissure) and goes up?
Spinothalamic tract to Brain and synapses in Thalamus
86
(Anterolateral (Neospinothalamic) Tract) Nociceptive information from BOTH upper and lower body enters the CNS via?
Dorsal root ganglion and immediately crosses at anterior white commissure to anterolateral portion of spinal cord
87
(Anterolateral (Neospinothalamic) Tract) Nociceptive information travels up?
Spiothalamic/Neospinothalamic tract to ventral posterior lateral nucleus of Thalamus
88
(Anterolateral (Neospinothalamic) Tract) Fibers ascend to primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex where?
We begin integrating somatosensory information
89
(Anterolateral (Neospinothalamic) Tract) Fibers ascend to primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex where?
We begin integrating somatosensory information
90
(Trigeminal System) Nociceptive information enters CNS at?
Pons, information travels down into medulla and crosses laterally at anterior white commissure
91
(Trigeminal System) Nociceptive information travels up?
Trigemino-thalamic tract to ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus
92
(Trigeminal System) Fibers ascend to the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex where?
We begin integrating somatosensory information
93
(Trigeminal System) Injury to the Medulla will lead to?
Loss of Nociception on both sides of the face
94
Different Targets?
-Anterior Cingulate/Insular cortex -Amygdala -Hypothalamus -Superior colliculus -Reticular formation -Periaqueductal Gray
95
(Different Targets) Anterior Cingulate/Insular Cortex?
Avoidance/emotional component that drive behavioral responses
96
(Different Targets) Amygdala?
Negative emotion
97
(Different Targets) Hypothalamus?
Fight or Flight
98
(Different Targets) Superior Colliculus?
Directs our attention to the source of pain
99
(Different Targets) Reticular Formation?
Arousal (via release of acetylcholine) in order to respond to pain
100
(Different Targets) Periaqueductal Gray?
Pain modulation
101
(Pain Modulation) Spintotectal fibers synapse in?
Periaqueductal grey (PAG) which projects to: -Raphe nucleus (serotonergic projections) -Lateral Tegmental Nucleus (noradrenergic projections)
102
(Pain Modulation) These projections synapse on?
Enkephalinergic interneurons in dorsal horn (inhibit nociceptive signaling) (equivalent to endogenous opioids)
103
(Pain Modulation) These projections synapse on?
Enkephalinergic interneurons in dorsal horn (inhibit nociceptive signaling) (equivalent to endogenous opioids)
104
(Pain Perception) Allodynia?
Perception of normally non-nociceptive stimuli as being painful
105
(Pain Perception) Hyperalgesia?
Nociceptive stimuli perceived as being more painful than expected
106
(Pain Perception) Peripheral Sensitization?
Allodynia and/or hyperalgesia due to peripheral mechanisms
107
(Pain Perception) Central Sensitization?
Allodynia and/or hyperalgesia due to central mechanisms
108
(Pain Perception) "Sunburn putting on shirt"?
Allodynia
109
(Pain Perception) "Slap on back with sunburn"?
Hyperalgesia
110
(Peripheral vs. Central Sensitization) Trauma initiates inflammatory response which activates?
C fibers --> release of neuropeptides (substance P, glutamate, etc.) --> local sensitization
111
(Peripheral vs. Central Sensitization) Neurochemistry?
Sensitization of NMDA receptors on spinal interneurons or directly on anterolateral tract neurons alters synaptic efficacy
112
(Peripheral vs. Central Sensitization) Anatomic reorganization in spinal cord?
Loss of primary afferents results in sprouting of existing afferents in dorsal horn
113
(Peripheral vs. Central Sensitization) Sunburn will activate C fibers and elicit a response?
Release of Neuropeptides causing a local sensitization

Block 2: Neuroscience (5 decks)

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