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Block 2: Neuroscience > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

(Human Eye)
Macula/Fovea?

A

Region of high visual acuity, due to highest amount of cones

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2
Q

(Human Eye)
Optic Disk?

A

“Blind spot”, due to no photoreceptors
(location where ganglia cells start to concentrate then start to become optic nerve and go off and send to Brain)

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3
Q

(Human Eye)
Lens?

A

-Associated with ciliary muscle and zonule fibers
-Alters relaxation reaction
-How lens is shaped and how light is refracted onto retina

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4
Q

(Human Eye)
Light will be refracted onto?

A

Retina

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5
Q

(Human Eye)
Myopia?

A

-Nearsighted
-Light is focusing in front of retina
-Usually due to shape of eye

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6
Q

(Human Eye)
Hyperopia?

A

-Farsighted
-Light is focusing behind of retina
-Usually due to shape of eye

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7
Q

(Human Eye)
Relaxation of Ciliary Muscle?

A

Thins out and pulls on, suspensory ligaments are pulled on which leads to lens becoming flat

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8
Q

(Human Eye)
Contraction of Ciliary Muscle?

A

Expands and grows, suspensory ligaments are relaxed which leads to lens becoming globular

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9
Q

(Human Eye)
Distance Vision?

A

Lens is flatter

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10
Q

(Human Eye)
Near Vision?

A

Lens is globular

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11
Q

Quadrants of Retina?

A

-Superior/Inferior
-Temporal/Nasal

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12
Q

(Projection onto Retina)
Peripheral Vision?

A

Monocular (one eye)

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13
Q

(Projection onto Retina)
Central Vision?

A

Binocular (two eyes)

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14
Q

(Projection onto Retina)
Projections of visual field/image onto retina are?

A

Inverted (flipped upside down and backwards)

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15
Q

(Projection onto Retina)
Visual Field?

A

What you’re looking at in space

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16
Q

(Projection onto Retina)
Retinal Field?

A

What’s projected onto retina

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17
Q

Right Visual Field?

A

Nasal Retina of Right Eye + Temporal Retina of Left Eye

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18
Q

Left Visual Field?

A

Nasal Retina of Left Eye + Temporal Retina of Right Eye

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19
Q

All information from right visual field will end up on?

A

Left Portion of Brain

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20
Q

All information from left visual field will end up on?

A

Right Portion of Brain

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21
Q

Nasal Retina?

A

Closer to Nose

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22
Q

Temporal Retina?

A

Closer to Temple

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23
Q

Optic Tracts cross at?

A

Optic Chiasm

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24
Q

Major Cell Classifications?

A

-2 Photoreceptors
-4 Retinal Neurons

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25
(Major Cell Classifications) 2 Photoreceptors?
1) Rods 2) Cones (both produce graded potentials)
26
(Major Cell Classifications) 4 Retinal Neurons?
1) Horizontal Cell 2) Bipolar Cell (produce graded potentials) 3)Amacrine Cell 4) Ganglion Cell (produce APs)
27
(Major Cell Classifications) When light enters eye it will travel all the way to the back of the?
Retina (where photoreceptors will be) these photoreceptors will detect and send to bipolar cells will synapse with ganglia cells send projections to optic disk and then send signals to optic nerve
28
(Major Cell Classifications) From cones to bipolar cells will produce graded potentials?
(sending stimuli that are excitatory but not enough to cause an APs) -Build up energy/voltage then having an APs at ganglia cells so that we can send signals to Brain
29
(Cellular Organization) Cones almost exclusively in?
Macula/Fovea (highest visual acuity) (contains cones)
30
(Cellular Organization0 Rods are just about?
Everywhere else in retina (excluding optic disk)
31
(Photoreceptors) Rods?
(low light) Not sensitive to color but highly sensitive in low levels of light (opsin = rhodopsin) (large number of disks)
32
(Photoreceptors) Cones?
(color vision) Sensitive to color but not sensitive in low levels of light (uses many (~3) different opsins) (smaller number of disks)
33
(Photoreceptors0 Rods largely dedicated to disks?
Opsin = Rhodopsin
34
(Pigment Epithelium) "Backwards" organization of retinal layer is due to need for?
Constant recycling of photoreceptor proteins (opsins) and disks (process occurs at pigment epithelium, where photoreceptors are embedded)
35
(Pigment Epithelium) For recycling of opsins and disks?
Vitamin A is critical (made of retinol) (50-85% of retinol stored in liver)
36
(Pigment Epithelium) If retinol deficiency?
Not going to be able to recycle opsins or disks
37
(Pigment Epithelium) Vitamin A?
Essential for metabolic pathway that allows us to maintain photoreceptor proteins (Rhodopsin) and photoreceptor signaling in tact
38
(Pigment Epithelium) Vitamin A?
Essential for metabolic pathway that allows us to maintain photoreceptor proteins (Rhodopsin) and photoreceptor signaling in tact
39
(Photoreceptors and Vision) Scotopic Vision?
Only rods are being used (after we reach threshold)
40
(Photoreceptors and Vision) Mesopic Vision?
Rods and cones are being used (past cone threshold)
41
(Photoreceptors and Vision) Photopic Vision?
Only cones are being used (rods are saturated with light) (best acuity) (too much damage is possible to due over excitation)
42
(Photoreceptors and Vision) Below absolute threshold?
No photoreceptors are activated (ex. pitch black room)
43
Types of Photoreceptors and Vision?
-Scotopic Vision -Mesopic Vision -Photopic Vision
44
Types of Color Blindness?
-Trichromat -Protanopia -Deuteranopia
45
(Color Blindness) Trichromat?
Contan all 3 cone subtypes (normal vision)
46
(Color Blindness) Protanopia?
Loss of cone subtype responsible for red wavelengths
47
(Color Blindness) Deuteranopia?
Loss of cone subtype responsible for green wavelengths
48
(Photoreceptors and Light) Absence of Light?
1) Rhodopsin is inactive 2) Na+ channels are open 3) Cell is depolarized 4) High rate of glutamate is being released
49
(Photoreceptors and Light) Presence of Light?
1) Rhodopsin is active 2) Na+ channels are closed 3) Cell is hyperpolarized 4) Low rate of glutamate is being released
50
(Vertical Information Flow) Rods and Cones release?
Glutamate, which can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on glutamate receptor type expressed on bipolar cell
51
(Vertical Information Flow) Bipolar cells release?
Glutamate, which is excitatory for Ganglion cells
52
(Vertical Information Flow) For ON-center receptor field?
Light stimulation causes: -Decreased glutamate release from photoreceptor -Increased depolarization of ON-center bipolar cell -Increased glutamate release from ON bipolar cell -Increased ganglion cell firing rate
53
(Vertical Information Flow) For OFF-center receptor field?
Light stimulation causes: -Decreased glutamate release from photoreceptor -Decreased depolarization of OFF-center bipolar cell -Decreased glutamate release from OFF bipolar cell -Decreased ganglion cell firing rate
54
(Vertical Information Flow) Both fire at same time and both have NMDA at junction?
If no glutamate released then cannot activate
55
(Lateral Information Flow) Horizontal Cells release?
GABA (inhibitory) and form gap junctions
56
(Lateral Information Flow) Amacrine cells release?
GABA, Glycine, dopamine (inhibitory) and form gap junctions
57
(Lateral Information Flow) Lateral Inhibition is essential for?
Identifying shapes (ex. edges) and detecting motion
58
(Lateral Information Flow) Gap Junctions provide?
Cell to Cell electrical coupling that is critical to lateral inhibition
58
(Lateral Information Flow) Gap Junctions provide?
Cell to Cell electrical coupling that is critical to lateral inhibition
59
(Horizontal Cells) Horizontal cells always have an inhibitor output via?
Release of GABA
60
(Horizontal Cells) Connected laterally to photoreceptor cells, they?
Suppress vertical information flow in adjacent pathways
61
(Horizontal Cells) ON-center receptive field (no surrounding light stimulation)?
-Dark Surround --> inhibits center cone via GABA -Less glutamate release and stimulation of ON-center BP, so increased GC firing -Dark Surround enhances center response
62
(Horizontal Cells) Surrounding Cells are?
Depolarized
63
(Horizontal Cells) Center is?
Hyperpolarized (not releasing glutamate) (good for ON-center)
64
Information Flow to Brain?
Visual scene is encoded by firing patterns of retinal ganglion cell's, which is further processed in visual cortex by way of optic nerve

Block 2: Neuroscience (5 decks)

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