Lecture 1

Question 1

Bottom-up reasoning

Answer 1

Inductive

Question 2

Top-down reasoning

Answer 2

Deductive

Question 3

what are accepted without proof

Answer 3

assumptions

Question 4

a way of knowing based on systematic observations

Answer 4

science

Question 5

scientists obtain data ______ (empirically or rationally) and why

Answer 5

empirically because data is collected through experience and experimentation

Question 6

scientists interpret data ______ (empirically or rationally) and why

Answer 6

rationally because you use reason and logic to make sense of data and you need to interpret evidence simply

Question 7

assumptions shape _______ you make (and how)

Answer 7

inferences because assumptions refers to something we assume and we build our inferences based on our prior knowledge

Question 8

what is open science and what is its purpose

Answer 8

open science allows other scientists to check each others works and re run studies. this is important because it helps scientists ensure their studies are free from biases. allows for science to be more valid and reproducible

Question 9

the tendency to process information i ways that support existing beliefs

Answer 9

confirmation bias

Question 10

what is psychology

Answer 10

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 11

the process of obtaining first-hand information

Answer 11

observation

Question 12

conducting carefully controlled research designed to establish causality

Answer 12

experimentation

Question 13

a way of knowing without proof or evidence

Answer 13

faith

Question 14

research methods characterized by a controlled environment in which the effects of manipulating an independent variable on a dependent variable can be observed, allowing the research to make conclusions about causality

Answer 14

experimental methods

Question 15

what is the variable being manipulated by experimenter

Answer 15

independent variable

Question 16

the variable measured

Answer 16

dependent variable

Question 17

any research that is not designed to establish causality

Answer 17

non-experimental methods

Question 18

examples of non-experimental methods

Answer 18

survey, case study, correlational study

Question 19

refers to the stability of research results

Answer 19

reliability

Question 20

refers to the quality of the research

Answer 20

validity

Question 21

what makes a good hypothesis

Answer 21

leads to testable predictions

Question 22

After observing her chimpanzees in the wild¸Jane Goodall develops hypotheses related to tool use by apes. (deductive or inductive)

Answer 22

inductive

Question 23

Anthony and Kent use the theory of planned behavior to guide their study of Cal Poly students’ intentions to vote for a Green Initiative.
(deductive or inductive)

Answer 23

deductive

Question 24

state some reasons as to why communicating science is important?

Answer 24

• allows other scientists to use studies to create their own study related to the topic
• allows for other scientists to examine the validity of the study by replicating it
• allows for the public to examine the study to avoid errors and incorrect findings

Question 25

what is psychology

Answer 25

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 26

what type of science is driven by the scientist's curiosity?

Answer 26

basic science

Question 27

what kind of science is often defined as research that aims to solve a particular practical problem?

Answer 27

applied science

Question 28

what kind of science has the goal of the improvement of human well being?

Answer 28

applied science

Question 29

what kind of science includes wanting to conduct a study without an idea of how this finding could be used?

Answer 29

basic science

Question 30

Jeremy wants to see whether an application of Carol Dweck's growth mindset work produces gains in student achievement? what kind of science is this?

Answer 30

applied science

Question 31

what do you call believing people who seem credible

Answer 31

argument from authority

Question 32

what sets common sense apart from science?

Answer 32

science is consistent, reliable and has nuanced explanations. while common sense is applicable to our current life, it is not always reliable because our mind tends to have heuristics (mental shortcuts)

Question 33

define heuristics

Answer 33

mental shortcuts

Question 34

what do you call information that does not follow the rules of science but is presented as if it does?

Answer 34

pseudoscience

Question 35

what are the practices in pseudoscience?

Answer 35

- belief in authority - unrepeatable experiments - handpicked examples - unwillingness to test - disregard of refuting information - built-in subterfuge - explanations are abandoned without replacement

Question 36

what do you call it when testing is set up in a biased way to ensure that only one theory will be supported?

Answer 36

Built-in subterfuge:

Question 37

the ability to think rationally, clearly, and independently

Answer 37

critical thinking

Question 38

characteristics of good critical thinking

Answer 38

- suspends belief until evidence is available - can change their mind in the face of new evidence - intensive use of cognitive resources

Question 39

what does the Elaboration Likelihood Model state?

Answer 39

that we use one of two pathways when evaluating information, central or peripheral. central route is when an issue is important to us and we focus on facts and logic. the peripheral route is for everything else and we are more vulnerable to messages influencing us using means other than logic (meaning we are more easily persuaded)

Question 40

differentiate the central route and the peripheral route

Answer 40

central route - when an issue is important to us and we focus on facts and logic. peripheral route - is for everything else and we are more vulnerable to messages influencing us using means other than logic (meaning we are more easily persuaded)

Question 41

is an idea that you accept as true or certain to happen without any proof.

Answer 41

an assumption

Question 42

is a step made using reason and evidence on the road to a conclusion

Answer 42

inference

Question 43

what does effect size tell us?

Answer 43

- how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is large effect size - research finding has practical significance small effect size - limited practical applications

Question 44

what is the range of effect size and their meanings?

Answer 44

0.2 - small 0.5 - medium 0.8 - large