lecture 1

Question 1

what are the different levels of analysis?

Answer 1

human nature

individual and group differences

individual uniqueness

Question 2

who proposed the different levels of analysis?

Answer 2

Kluckhohn and Murray, 1948

Question 3

what are the different domains for personality?

Answer 3

biological domain

intrapsychic domain

cognitive social learning domain

personality trait domain

Question 4

what does intrapsychic mean?

Answer 4

fundamental internal human instincts/needs which shape individual’s thoughts/emotions/behaviours

Question 5

who proposed the psychoanalytic approach?

Answer 5

Freud

Question 6

what is the psychoanalytic approach?

Answer 6

human behaviour is motivated by innate instincts- drive for life (pleasure) and drive for destruction (aggression)

these instincts often lead to drives which would be unacceptable within society

personality develops based on how a person resolves the conflicts between instincts and living in a regulated civilised society

Question 7

what are the three parts of the human mind?

Answer 7

Id
Ego
Superego

Question 8

what is the Id?

Answer 8

pleasure principle

Question 9

what is the ego?

Answer 9

reality principle

Question 10

what is the superego?

Answer 10

morality/conscience

Question 11

what makes a healthy human personality?

Answer 11

when the ego and superego are aligned

Question 12

how does Freud suggest the personality develops psychoanalytically?

Answer 12

personality development was linked to set development stages

formed from childhood experiences of conflict resolution of the stages of development

stages are universal- but the outcomes from resolving the conflicts shapes personality

Question 13

what does the psychoanalytic approach describe personality as?

Answer 13

the differences between people in the strength and intensity of fundamental human needs

Question 14

what did Murray (1938) suggest?

Answer 14

each person has a unique hierachy of needs

Question 15

what is social cognitive learning?

Answer 15

cognitive and social processes shape the different outcomes individuals use to respond to their environment/the goals they strive to attain

Question 16

what is the cognitive approach?

Answer 16

learning the association between behaviour and outcomes, depending on whether it is rewarded or punished

Question 17

why does the cognitive approach suggest personality differs?

Answer 17

differences in personal history of reinforcement

Question 18

who extended social cognitive learning?

Answer 18

Bandura (2001)

Question 19

what did Bandura suggest about learning?

Answer 19

can learn ourselves, but also learn from the successes and failures of others

humans are active, reflective learners

behaviour is determined by self efficacy

Question 20

what is self efficacy?

Answer 20

the extent to which people believe they can control their own lives

Question 21

what is self efficacy enhanced by?

Answer 21

mastery experiences
vicarious experiences
social persuasion

Question 22

what are mastery experiences?

Answer 22

successful past experiences

Question 23

what are vicarious experiences?

Answer 23

observing a peer of equal competence succeed

Question 24

what is social persuasion?

Answer 24

encouragement from a credible person

the behaviour should be in someone’s skillset

Question 25

who gives a definition for personality trait?

Answer 25

Larsen et al, 2017

Question 26

what is the definition for personality trait?

Answer 26

set of psychological traits within an individual which are organised, relatively enduring and influences their interactions with/adaptations to the intrapsychic, physical and social environment

Question 27

how does the personality trait domain explain personality?

Answer 27

identifies the fundamental personality traits to examine how people differ from each other

Question 28

what are the properties of personality traits?

Answer 28

temporal stability cross situational consistency internal biological basis predictive validity minimal overlap of characteristics within traits inter-individual differences

Question 29

what is temporal stability?

Answer 29

whether a personality trait is stable across time

Question 30

what is cross-situational consistency?

Answer 30

whether a personality trait is consistent across situations

Question 31

what is predictive validity?

Answer 31

whether a personality trait predicts behaviour

Question 32

what are the biological factors underpinning traits?

Answer 32

psychological substrates hereitary/genetic contribution similar traits in non humans cross cultural evidence temporal stability

Question 33

what are the two different relations between a personality trait and causality?

Answer 33

internal and causal: behaviour is an expression of an internal, biological trait descriptive summaries: trait describes an expressed behaviour, but no attributions are made

Question 34

what are the three levels of personality trait structure?

Answer 34

domains facets behaviour

Question 35

who reviewed the evidence for explaining behaviour in terms of personality?

Answer 35

Mischel (1968)

Question 36

what did Mischel (1968) find out about personality?

Answer 36

reviewed evidence- behavioural consistencies not always observed

Question 37

what did Mischel (1968) suggest we should focus on?

Answer 37

situationism= explain behaviour in terms of situational differences

Question 38

which approach do psychologists now use to describe behaviour?

Answer 38

interactionism: interaction between personality trait and the situation

Question 39

what statements did Shoda, Mischel and Wright use to describe behaviour?

Answer 39

if, then statements

Question 40

how do we usually measure personality traits?

Answer 40

self report questionnaires

Question 41

what is the lexical approach for questionnaire development?

Answer 41

look at traits expressed in language in a dictionary, pick characteristic words, some are synonyms so group these into the main personality traits

Question 42

what is the statistical approach for questionnaire development?

Answer 42

use factor analysis to identify clusters look at which questionnaire items covary with each other

Question 43

what is the theoretical approach to questionnaire development?

Answer 43

look at which you think are the most important traits

Question 44

what are issues with self report questionnaires?

Answer 44

careless when answering questions respond according to social desirability Barnum statements

Question 45

what are Barnum statements?

Answer 45

generalised statements- applies to almost everyone so everyone answers in the same way, eg) asking people if they worry about money