lecture 5

Question 1

who defined intelligence?

Answer 1

Stenberg and Detterman (1986)

Question 2

what do common psychological definitions for intelligence include?

Answer 2

higher level abilities
valued by culture
executive processes

Question 3

what are the executive processes behind intelligence?

Answer 3

regulating the flow of information towards goal achievement

Question 4

what does Stenberg define intelligence as?

Answer 4

the mental ability necessary for adaptation to, as well as shaping and selection, of any environmental context

Question 5

how is intelligence usually assessed?

Answer 5

by IQ

Question 6

how do we measure IQ?

Answer 6

standardised to a mean score of 100, and a standard deviation of 15

Question 7

what is norming?

Answer 7

administering IQ test to a representative sample of a population to obtain norms for different subgroups

Question 8

how can individual differences in cognitive abilities be measured?

Answer 8

by predictive validity and reductionistic validity studies

Question 9

what do predictive validity studies show?

Answer 9

the real life impact of cognitive differences, eg) educational achievement

Question 10

what do reductionistic validity studies show?

Answer 10

the cognitive impact of individual differences, eg) differences in reaction time

Question 11

who proposed a hierachical structure of intelligence?

Answer 11

Spearman

Question 12

what does Spearman suggest intelligence can be split into?

Answer 12

fluid intelligence
crystalised intelligence

Question 13

what is fluid intelligence?

Answer 13

inherited ability to reason and think

reasoning/problem solving

doesn’t depend on education

biologically- in the prefrontal cortex

declines later in life

Question 14

what is crystalised intelligence?

Answer 14

accumulated knowledge across a life time

verbal and general knowledge

depends on education

increases over time

Question 15

what are the heritability estimates for intelligence?

Answer 15

between 0.42 and 0.62, up to 0.80

Question 16

what is heritability?

Answer 16

overlap between multiple generations, eg) the overlap between your and your parent’s intelligence

Question 17

who proposed the heritability gap?

Answer 17

Plomin and Deary, 2015

Question 18

what is the heritability gap?

Answer 18

lots of genes make small contributions to a certain trait

a lot of reported correlations are false positives

don’t just share genes with parents, but also the environment

Question 19

what is the interactionist approach?

Answer 19

genes and the environment interact

Question 20

what is Spearman’s hypothesis?

Answer 20

people’s performance of a cognitive test was correlated with their performance on other comparable cognitive tests

proposed a common factor g= cognitive capability

Question 21

what has Spearman’s hypothesis found out about race differences in IQ?

Answer 21

stronger a test was correlated with IQ, the wider difference in Black and White American’s performance on the test

Black and White differences correlated with a test’s g loading

Question 22

what has current research found about genetic differences in IQ?

Answer 22

no significant genetic determination of racial differences in IQ

Question 23

what is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 23

the generational rise in IQ by an average of 10 percentage points, seen over 14+ countries

Question 24

what gains are particularly large in the Flynn Effect?

Answer 24

fluid intelligence
our biological potential changes over time

Question 25

what can the Flynn effect be explained by?

Answer 25

social multipliers averaging gene-environment matching

Question 26

what are social multipliers?

Answer 26

environmental factors potentially contributing to an increase in IQ

Question 27

what are two main social multipliers?

Answer 27

education nutrition

Question 28

how does education affect an increase in IQ?

Answer 28

for every additional year people spend in education, their IQ increases nowadays people spend longer in education

Question 29

how does nutrition improve intelligence?

Answer 29

nutrition standards have improved we have developed ways to produce food more efficiently this gives people the ability to reach their potential

Question 30

what is matching?

Answer 30

gene environment correlation people seek out environments which match their phenotype this increases their initial ability-optimal environment expresses the genes

Question 31

what is averaging?

Answer 31

as an individual's ability increases, this influences the people around them so the population average increases

Question 32

how does age impact heritability?

Answer 32

heritability increases with age 40%= childhood 60%= adulthood 80%= old age

Question 33

why does heritability increase with age?

Answer 33

gene environment correlation genes need the appropriate environment to be expressed people with a high IQ seek out high IQ contexts- as they get older their intelligence shows

Question 34

how does socio economic status impact heritability?

Answer 34

heritability is high for high socio-economic status, and is virtually zero for low socio-economic status

Question 35

why does socio economic status impact heritability?

Answer 35

gene environment interaction more resources in high socio economic status allow genes for IQ to be expressed also impacted by the stability of the family

Question 36

what is genetic influence?

Answer 36

specific genes which code for a trait

Question 37

why is IQ malleable?

Answer 37

heritability is not the same as genetic influence gene-environment interplay also occurs

Question 38

who investigated the relationship between brain volume and IQ?

Answer 38

McDaniel, 2005

Question 39

what is the relationship between brain volume and IQ?

Answer 39

higher IQ is associated with larger brain volumes only a low correlation, but is consistent across studies

Question 40

what does the P-FIT theory represent?

Answer 40

intelligence through a set of processes in the brain

Question 41

what is the first step in the P-FIT theory?

Answer 41

dealing with sensory information taken in from the world

Question 42

what is the second step in the P-FIT theory?

Answer 42

symbolic processing, and meaning making of the received information

Question 43

what is the third step in the P-FIT theory?

Answer 43

parieto-frontal integration, reasoning and decision making

Question 44

what is the fourth step in the P-FIT theory?

Answer 44

making a decision or selecting a response

Question 45

who investigated the relationship between personality and IQ?

Answer 45

Chamorro-Premuzic and Furnham, 2008

Question 46

what is the relationship between personality and IQ?

Answer 46

can help or hinder your performance examined FFM traits and IQ to predict university exams a year later once IQ is controlled for, conscientiousness explains an extra 27% of performance

Question 47

who investigated the interaction between personality and IQ?

Answer 47

Ackerman, 2018

Question 48

what is the interaction between IQ and personality?

Answer 48

personality guides you to particular interests can invest the intelligence you have into this

Question 49

who proposed Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Answer 49

Gardner, 1999

Question 50

what is Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Answer 50

intelligence is a biopsychological potential used to process information can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems/create useful products

Question 51

what was Gardner concerned by?

Answer 51

the tendency to only focus on linguistic/logical mathematical symbolism in educational settings

Question 52

what are the 8 forms of intelligence Gardner proposes?

Answer 52

musical= music smart visual-spatial= picture smart bodily kinesthetic= body smart interpersonal= people smart verbal linguistic= word smart logical mathematical= logical smart naturalistic= nature smart intrapersonal= self smart