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lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the DSM-5 suggest that personality disorders are?

A

enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour that deviates from cultural expectations, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence/early adulthood, is stable over time and leads to impairment

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2
Q

what is inner experience impacted by?

A

cognitions

affectivity

interpersonal functioning

impulse control

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3
Q

what does it mean for a personality disorder to be stable?

A

can be traced back to adolescence or before

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4
Q

what are the two forms of classification for a personality disorder?

A

categorical classification

dimensional classification

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5
Q

what is categorical classification?

A

absence or presence of a mental disorder

qualitatively distinct from each other, and normal personality

no assumptions about their underlying dimensions/structure

used by the DSM-5

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6
Q

what is dimensional classfication?

A

continuous dimensions of traits

quantitvely distinct from normal personality

extreme and maladaptive levels of personality traits

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7
Q

how many clusters is the categorical classification composed of?

A

3

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8
Q

what are the personality disorders in cluster a?

A

paranoid
schizoid
schizotypal

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9
Q

what are the personality disorders in cluster b?

A

antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic

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10
Q

what are the personality disorders in cluster c?

A

avoidant
dependent
obsessive-compulsive

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11
Q

what is paranoid personality disorder?

A

distrust and suspicion of others across contexts and without reason

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12
Q

what is schizoid personality disorder?

A

detachment from relationships and restricted emotional expression

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13
Q

what is schizotypal personality disorder?

A

pervasive discomfort with relationships

eccentric behaviour and cognitive or perceptual distortions

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14
Q

what is the similarity between disorders in cluster a?

A

not wanting to confide in people

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15
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder?

A

pervasive disregard of the rights of others, since or before 15 years of age

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16
Q

what is borderline personality disorder?

A

pervasive instability of inter-personal relationships, self-image and affect

marked impulsivity

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17
Q

what is histrionic personality disorder?

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A

pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention seeking behaviours

18
Q

what is narcisstic personality disorder?

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A

grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

19
Q

what are the similarities between disorders in cluster b?

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A

experiencing high intensity emotions, displaying erratic/provocative behaviours/altered perceptions of others

20
Q

what is avoidant personality disorder?

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A

pervasive social inhibition, inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

21
Q

what is dependent personality disorder?

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A

pervasive need to be taken care of
submissive and clingy behaviour

22
Q

what is obsessive compulsive personality disorder?

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A

pervasive pre occupation with order, perfection and control, at the cost of flexibility

23
Q

what are the similarities between disorders in cluster c?

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A

underlying fear/anxiety behind behaviour/avoiding situations or people

24
Q

why does hopwood et al (2018) criticise categorical classification of personality disorders?

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A

instead we should use dimensional classification

no evidence to support discrete personality disorder categories- comorbidity between categories

25
why does Marinageli et al (2000) criticise categorical classification of personality disorders?
examined comorbidity in personality disorder classification 156 participants were voluntarily admitted to a psychiatric ward a large percentage of people received multiple diagnoses suggests there is an underlying dimension
26
why did Costa and McCrae (1992) criticise the categorical classification of personality disorders?
Five Factor Model: psychoticism is also considered to be a dimensional personality trait should see a relationship between the personality disorders and 5 factor model
27
why did Samuel and Widiger (2008) criticise the categorical classification of personality disorders?
conducted a meta-analysis of studies measuring the 30 facets of the Five Factor Model and categorical personality disorders high neuroticism is associated with most personality disorders openness to experience doesn't seem to be related
28
what was Widiger and Simonsen (2005) dimensional approach to personality disorders?
reviewed proposals which could update the DSM-3 with a dimensional approach to Personality Disorder Classification proposals can be integrated into a hierachial strcuture of maladaptive personality traits 5 broad traits are: extraversion-introversion antagnonism-compliance constraint-impulsivity negative affect-emotional stability unconventiality-closed to experience
29
how does the trait of detachment relate to FFM?
absence of extraversion
30
how does the trait of disinhibition relate to FFM?
absence of consc
31
how does the trait of negative affect relate to FFM?
presence of neuroticism
32
how does the trait of psychoticism relate to FFM?
no clear consensus
33
what are the stages in Skodol et al's alternative model for assessing personality disorders?
step 1: assess impairment in personality functioning step 2: assess pathological personality traits/dimensional traits step 3a: apply criteria A and B for specific personality disorders/categorical personality disorders step 3b: apply criteria A and B for personality disorder trait specified step 4: apply other inclusion and exclusion criteria
34
what is criteria A?
maladaptive personality functioning assessed from 0 (no impairment) to 5 (extreme impairment)
35
what is the hybrid approach to assessing personality disorders?
moderate impairment in at least two areas of identity/self direction/empathy/intimacy experience 4+ of the 7 facets of maladaptive traits
36
what did Samuel et al (2013) find out about personality disorders?
clinical sample of 370 participants receiving treatment for substance abuse 55% antisocial, 33% borderline, 18% avoidant self report measures of traits from the FFM, and a clinical interview for personality disorders neuroticism trait was the main trait
37
what did Suzuki et al (2017) investigate about personality disorders?
looked at how similar traits are in the FFM and DSM-5 alternative model neuroticism vs negative affect had the highest similarity openness vs psychoticism had the lowest similarity
38
what did Ahmed et al (2013) find out about the clinical utility of dimensional classification?
compared taxonic vs dimensional classification of schizotypal personality disorder participants completed the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV found a higher correlation for the dimensional approach
39
what did Anderson et al (2014) find out about the clinical utility of the dimensional classification?
compared taxonic vs dimensional classification of borderline personality disorder looked at key outcomes, eg) self-harm, risky sexual behaviours clinical sample of newly admitted patients, and a university sample of 399 students administered the PID-5 for maladaptive traits, and the DSM-4 Axis II personality questionnaire in both samples, categorical (taxonic) and dimensional maladaptive traits were correlated with key outcomes, and the dimensional maladaptive trait model performed better than the categorical model
40
what are the advantages of the DSM-5 Alternative Personality Trait Model?
empitical model extending knowledge of the FFM predicts clinical outcomes relates to the complexity of syndromes observed in clinical practice can make finer analysis of the patient's characteristics
41
what are the disadvantages of the DSM-5 alternative personality model?
loss of categories thought to have had significant clinical utility question the strength of the openess to experience-psychoticism dimension

personality lectures (9 decks)

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