lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What are 2 common approaches to study gross anatomy?
A
- systemic
2. regional
2
Q
What advantage does the 1st approach provide?
A
- big picture
2. can understand the function of a system
3
Q
What advantage does the 2nd approach provide?
A
- shows how different parts of each system are related to one another
4
Q
What is clinical anatomy?
A
clinical application of basic anatomical relationships
5
Q
What is the general anatomical position?
A
- human standing
- upper limbs are at the sides
- palms facing forward
6
Q
What is the coronal plane?
A
- vertical plane
2. divides body into anterior and posterior parts
7
Q
what is another name for coronal? anterior? posterior?
A
frontal
ventral
dorsal
8
Q
What is the median plane?
A
- vertical plane
2. divides body into R and L halves
9
Q
What is the sagittal plane?
A
any plane parallel to median plane
10
Q
What are horizontal planes?
A
- divides body into superior and inferior parts
2. perpendicular to long axis
11
Q
What is a Transverse plane?
A
a plane
perpendicular to a long axis
exception in feet; transverse in actually coronal
12
Q
What is the opposite of superior? What are 2 other names for it?
A
inferior
cranial or cephalic
13
Q
What is the opposite of anterior? What is another name for it?
A
posterior
ventral
14
Q
What is the opposite of medial?
A
Lateral
15
Q
What is the opposite of proximal?
A
Distal
16
Q
What is the opposite of external?
A
internal
17
Q
What is the opposite of deep?
A
superficial
18
Q
What is the opposite of contralateral?
A
ipsilateral
19
Q
What is the opposite of inferior? What is another name for it?
A
superior
caudal
20
Q
What is the opposite of posterior?What is another name for it?
A
anterior
dorsal
21
Q
What is the opposite of lateral?
A
medial
22
Q
What is the opposite of distal?
A
proximal
23
Q
What is the opposite of superficial?
A
deep
24
Q
What is the opposite of internal?
A
external
25
What is the opposite of ipsilateral?
contralateral
26
What are 2 components of the CNS?
brain
| spinal cord
27
Where is it contained?
in skull and vertebral column
28
Where is CNS contained?
in skull and vertebral column
29
CNS is connected to what and through what?
body
| PNS
30
PNS is connected to CNS through what?
nerves
31
PNS is located with respect to CNS where?
outside
32
What are nerves? where are they located?
1. bundles of 100s and 1000s of axons
| 2. throughout body
33
what are axons?
nerve fibers
34
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
35
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
36
```
What is the ________ for?
1Abducens?
2Facial?
3Hypoglossal?
4Glossopharyngeal?
5Spaniel accessory?
6Trigeminal?
7Trochlear?
8Olfactory?
9Optics?
10Vestibulocochlear?
11Vagus?
12Oculomotor?
```
1, 12, 7 eye movement
2. facial expression and taste
3. tongue movement, taste
4. muscle of throat and larynx
5. neck muscle
6. touch and pain
8. smelling
9. vision
10. hearing
11. internal organs
37
What are the 3 types of nerves?
cerival nerves
intercostal nerves
lumbar and sacral nerves
38
What does the cervical nerves innervate?
neck and arms
39
where ddoes the lumbar and scaral nerves innervate?
legs and pelvic organs
40
What are ganglia?
collection of neurons outside cns
41
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are associated with what & which are located where?
spinal nerve
| spinal ganglia
42
The spinal ganglia are part of what?
dorsal root of spinal nerve
43
What is an alternative name for spinal ganglia?
dorsal root ganglia
44
Where is the cell body of the 2nd neuron in a 2-neuron chain of autonomic nerves?
autonomic ganglion
45
What is another name for somatic?
voluntary
46
What does a somatic motor provide? from what to what? for what?
motor info
CNS
skeletal muscles
voluntary control of movement and posture
47
What does a somatic sensory provide? To what from what
conscious sensation
CNS
skin, mucosal surfaces and organs
48
What are 2 other names for autonomic?
visceral and involuntary
49
autonomic
It is what type of control and where?
reflex
| smooth muscles in organ systems, cardiac, secretory glands found in internal organs (viscera)
50
What are the types of innervation of viscera?
sensory
51
Where is the brain contained?
w/i skull
52
Brain has what which has 2 hemispheres?
cerebrum
53
brain has what at the back?
cerebellum
54
a specific part of hindbrain is also called what and has what 3 structures?
brain stem
| midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
55
where does the spinal cord begin and extends to where?
as a continuation of brainstem at foramen magnum
extends to level of disc between L1 and L2
56
Where is it located in the vertebral canal? Why is this the case?
upper 2/3
differential growth of the spinal cord and vertebral column during late prenatal life
57
What is a spinal segment?
length of spinal cord to which 1 pair of spinal nerves is attached
58
How many cranial and spinal nerves are there?
43 nerves
59
How many spinal?
31 nerves
60
What are the 5 different types of spinal nerves?
| How many of each?
8 cervical
12 thoracic /thow -
ra- sik/
=20
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal /coc - ci - geal/
cynthia the loco smelly child
61
How does the spinal nerve exit the vertebral column?
What are spinal cords in this location?
What can they be injured by
through intervertebral foramina
vulnerable to injury
by herniated intervertebral disk or pathological narrowing of intervertebral foramen
62
How does the motor rootlets emerge?
1. continuously along the ventrolateral (forward and outward) aspect of the spinal cord
63
the sensory rootlets enter how?
1. through the dorsalateral (behind and outward) aspect of the spinal cord
64
the motor rootlets converge to form what?
31 pairs of ventral roots
65
the sensory rootlets converge to make ?
31 pairs of dorsal roots
66
the ventral roots innervate what?
skeletal muscle in neck, trunk, and limbs
67
the dorsal roots terminate as what?
sensory ending in the skin
68
the dorsal roots send what?
what is the length?
they send info towards cell body located in dorsal root ganglion -> through dorsal root -> spinal cord
69
one ventral root combines with 1 dorsal root to make what?
spinal nerve
70
what is the length of spinal nerve?
quite short (<1cm)
71
the spinal cord divides into
2 primary rami
1. dorsal(posterior) ramus
2. ventral (anterior) ramus
72
the dorsal ramus innervates what?
1. erector spinae muscles of the back and skin lying under them
73
the ventral rami innervates and what is their size.
rami are large
innervate muscles and skin of remaining anterior and lateral parts of the neck and trunk
74
ventral rami form what?
plexus for motor and sensory innervation of limbs
75
what is a plexus?
a network of nerves
76
which is bigger?
neuron < nerves
77
how many plexus are there and how are they formed?
1. 4: cervical, branchial, lumbar, sacral
| 2. formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves
78
the branchial plexus provides what?
the bulk of innervation for the upper extremity
79
the lumbar and sacral plexus provide what?
the bulk of innervation for lower extremity and pelvis
80
the dorsal root is connected to what , is composed of what, peripheral process end as what, sends sensory info to where?
dorsal horn of spinal cord and to corresponding spinal ganglion
central processes of spinal ganglion cells
as sensory(Afferent) nerves in the skin that respond to sensory stimuli
dorsal horn of spinal cord -> info goes to multiple levels of CNS (like cerebral cortex for conscious perception of the sensation)
81
the ventral root arises from where, joins what, and motor efferent fibers send what which cause what?
the central horn of spinal cord
dorsal root distal to the ganglion to form spinal nerve
send action potential that terminate in skeletal muscles of limbs, trunk and neck to cause contraction
82
muscle in the head are innervated by what?
cranial nerves
83
what are two branches of the spinal nerves
ventral ramus
dorsal ramus
84
what is the ventral ramus?
supplies skin and muscles of anterior and lateral neck and trunk
makes plexus that innervate
85
what is the dorsal ramus?
supplies the skin and muscle of the back
86
how are sensory and motor neurons often connected w/i CNS?
via reflex pathway
87
what is an example of reflex pathway?
the patellar reflex
initiated by tapping on the patellar ligament
which stretch the quadriceps femoris muscle
stretch is detected by sensory neurons in the femoral nerve
which transit the info to spinal cord
motor response occurs via motor neurons in femoral nerve that causes contraction of quadriceps femoris muscle
88
what is a dermatomes?
a particular region of skin innervated by a spinal cord segment and its spinal nerve
89
a dermatomal map of the body describe?
the location of each dermatome
90
when is the dermatomal map used?
during sensory testing to localize sensory loss to specific spinal cord segments
91
What are the key dermatomes?
index and middle fingers
nipple
ring and little fingers
thumb
umbilicus(belly button)
upper limb
Isiah Never wRites To Ur Umpire
c7
t4
c8
c6
t10
c5-t2
92
what are meninges:
meninges are supportive layers of what and are continuous with what?
supportive layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue
surround spinal cord
are continuous with cranial meninges that encircle brain
93
what are dua mater?
are separated from bone by? why is it called that?
extends to where?
how does it end?
what is the tubular extension called and what is it attached to?
outermost covering separated from bone by epidural space
extends to s2 level of the vertebral column, where it ends as a blind sac except for a thin tubular extension (coccygeal ligament or (dural)filum terminale) attached to the coccyx
94
arachnoid mater:
it is what to dura?
separated from dura through?
extends to where? how?
inner to dura and seperated from it by subdural space
extends to S2 level and lines the dura and ends as a blind sac
95
pia mater
is what to the spinal cord?
at L2, what happens?
what is the extension called?
what does the extension do?
separated from arachnoid by?
closely invests the spinal cord
at l2 continues as a thin extention(called pial filum terminale which perforate the arachnoid mater anddura mater at s2 and continues w/i the coccygeal ligament
separated from the arachnoid mater by subarachmoid space which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (csf)
96
where is the epidural space?
b/w bone and dura mater
contain venous plexuses
97
subdural space
potential space b/w dura and arachnoid mater
98
subarachnoid space
b/w arachnoid mater and pia mater
| contains csf
99
the tapering end of the spinal cord is called
conus medullaris
100
what happens during fetal life?/
spinal cord and vertebral column are co-extensive
spinal nerve arise opposite their corresponding intervertebral foramina
101
what happens during developemt
vertebral column grows more extensively than spinal cord such that the roots of the lower spinal nerves travel downward w/i vertebral canal to reach their appropriate intervertebral foramina
102
what are these descending roots called
cauda quina
look like horse tail
103
arachnoid membrane and subarachnoid space continue to where becaise
s2 vertbrate
cauda equina are bathed in csf
104
in the area below l2 and above s2 what can we do
introduce a needle into subarachnoid space w.o fear of penetrating the spinal cord
and draw csf for lab analysis
105
what is the procedure called ? to draw csf
lumbar puncture
LP
spinal tap
106
where is the needle introduced
b/w l3-l4 or l4-l5 spinous processes
which are below level of spinal cord termination
107
L4 is used as what?
an imaginary line connecting the highest points on the iliac crest which is used as a landmark
108
What is anothe name for acute anterior poliomyelitis
is it highely infectious
what is it caused by
what can it cuase in hrs
it mostly affects who
how does the virus travel in the body
what does the virus do in the body
what is the result
where does it occur and what does that mean
it is an example of
polio
highly infectious
caused by virus
invade ns
can cause paralysis in hrs
strikes @ any age
mostly affect children under 3
virus enter through mouth, multiply in intestine, migrate to cns and destroy anterior horn motor neurons
results in paralysis and sever atrophy of denervated muscles
occurs is lumbosacral part of spinal cord thus paralyze muscles of lower limb
example of purely motor lesion
109
herpes zoster is caused by what
what herpes zoster is called
what happens after chicken pox
occurs when
what does it cause
it is an example of
the same virus that causes chicken pox
shingles
virus lays dormant in dorsal root ganglia
virus re-emerges in peripheral sensory nerves after many years
shooting pain, tingling, eventual loss of sensation in dermatomes innervated by affected dorsal roots
purely sensory lesion
110
herniated disc occurs when
it compresses what
results
it is an example of
intervertebral disc can bulge posterolateral
spinal nerve in or near the intervertebral foramen
in pain/weakness in the distribution of affected spinal nerve
mixed motor and sensory lesion
111
what are most peripheral disorders
mixed sensory and motor lesion
112
the autonomic ns is what?
involuntary
113
the ans regulates
visceral function
by innervating smooth muscle, cardiac, secretory glands
114
ans organized in a chain of q
2 neurons
115
in ans organization:
the 1st neuron can be found...
the 2nd neuron can be found..
the axons are called respectfully
in the cns
autonomic ganglia outside the cns
preganglionic and postganglionic
116
ans is subdivided into
and how do they act
sympatheitc ns (sns)
parasympathetic (psns)
in a coordinated fashion to control smooth functioning
117
what is another name for the sns
the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons(not nerve) are located
axons of preganglionic neurons leave what through WHAT and enter WHERE where they travel to WHERE w/ WHAT
axons of postganglionic neurons leave
thoracolumbar outflow
in t1-L2 spinal cord segment in lateral horn of grey matter
spinal cord, ventral roots, sympathetic trunk, appropriate level and synapse w/ postganglionic neurons located w/ sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia
leave the sympathetic trunk to join any of 31 corresponding spinal nerve pairs
118
sympathetic innervation of smooth muscle and glands in WHERE, come from WHERE from WHERE whose axons follow WHAT to reach wWHAT
head
postganglionic neurons
superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
internal and external carotid arteries
head
119
what is another name for parasympathetic ns
preganglionic neurons :
are located...
travel...
leave cranial nerves...
leavethe s2-s4....
1. craniosacral outflow)
in brain steam and s2-s4 spinal cord segment
cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and spinal nerves s2-s4
in cranial nerve via named branches to reach parasympathetic ganglia in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen' (He Never Took Apples)
spinal nerve to reach parasympathetic ganglia in the pelvis
120
what is lumbar cistern?
csf below conus medullaris
121
what is spinal muscular atrophy?
1. smn protein no there
| 2. mutation in gene for survival motor neuron protein
122
liver is what?
gland
123
sympathetic:
| pregangalion follows
superior cervical sympathic ganglion
124
sympathetic:
| postgangalion follows
carotid artery
125
parasympathetic:
cranial nerve
379
10
neck, head
thorax, abdomen
126
why is called SUPERIOR cervical sympathetic ganglion?
the highest ganglion
