lecture 9

Question 1

vetebral col:

1. maj part of what?
2. form a strong, flexible support for what
3. important for
4. how is the stability provided by

Answer 1

1. axial skeleton
2. trunk
3. posture, body weight, movement of limbs, and protection of spinal cord and nerve roots
4. shape and strength of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligament, and muscles

Question 2

curvature:

1. thoracic and sacral regions are concave how
2. cervical and lumbar regions are concave how

Answer 2

1. anteriorly
2. posteriorly

s
s

Question 3

what are abnormal curvatures?

1. kyphosis:
2. lordosis:
3. scoliosis:

Answer 3

1. excessive posterior convex curvature in thoracic
2. lordosis: excessive lumbar curvature, often due to obesity or pregnancy
3. excessive lateral curvature, onset most commonly in adolescents

Question 4

which spine is most prominent especially when the neck is flexed?

Answer 4

c7

Question 5

which spines are visble b/w deep back muscle?

Answer 5

thoracic

Question 6

the iliac crest are at the same level of which vertebra?

Answer 6

l4

Question 7

the sacral hiatus is inferior to the inferior end of what and b/w what

is often the site for what?

Answer 7

median sacral crest
sacral cornua

epidural anesthesia

Question 8

what is another name for epidural?

Answer 8

caudal

Question 9

vertebrae

1. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal #?

Answer 9

1. 7, 12, 5,5,4

Question 10

vertebrae

What are the typical features of the vertebra?

Answer 10

1. body
2. arch
3. pedicles
4. laminae

Question 11

what does the arch do?

Answer 11

1. encloses the vertebral foramen

Question 12

what are pedicles

Answer 12

1. project posteriorly to meet laminae

2. indented tp form vertebral notches which aligns w/ adjacent vertebra to form intervertebral foramina

Question 13

c1-c7 spinal nerve exist how the corresponding vertebrae

Answer 13

above

Question 14

c8 spinal nerve exist how c7 verebrae

Answer 14

below

Question 15

what are processes and diff. types?

Answer 15

1. extending from arch

2. spinous, transverse, articular processes

Question 16

what are spinous processes?

Answer 16

1. for attachment of ligaments and muscles

Question 17

what are transverse process?

Answer 17

levers for muscle attachement

Question 18

what are articular processes?

Answer 18

superior and inferior articular facets

Question 19

what is spina bifida?

Answer 19

a defect in vertebral arch

Question 20

features of regional arch

1. cervical have transverse foramina for what

Answer 20

1. vertebral artery

Question 21

features of regional arch

c1 is called what and has superior facets articulates w/ what

Answer 21

atlas; occipital condyles w/ no body

Question 22

features of regional arch

c2 is called what and dens extends how from the body

Answer 22

1. axis

2. superiorly

Question 23

features of regional arch

thoracic have costal facets for articulating w/ what

Answer 23

ribs

Question 24

features of regional arch

lumbar have what types of body and process

Answer 24

large and thick

Question 25

features of regional arch sacrum is what? it transmit body weight to what through sacroiliac crest how did the median sacral crest formed? what is the sacral cornua? what dooes anterior and posterior sacral foramina transmit what is sacral hiatus

Answer 25

5 fused vertebra pelvic girdle fused sacral joint inferior articular process of s5 ventral and dorsal primary rami of sacral spinal nerves area where lamina over s5 is absent

Question 26

coccyx is what?

Answer 26

1. 4 rudimentary vertebrae

Question 27

what is the intervertebral joint?

Answer 27

b/w adjacent bodies and is mainted by anterior longitudinall ligament, posterior logitudinal ligament, supraspinous ligament , and ligamentum flavum

Question 28

What does the anterior logitudinal ligament cover and prevent?

Answer 28

1. covers the bodies and intervertebral discs and prevents hyperextension

Question 29

what does posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 29

1. limits hyperflexion and posterior disc protrusion

Question 30

what is ligamentum flavum?

Answer 30

1. strongest ligament 2. located b/w adjacent laminae 3. limits separation of the laminae during flexion 4. assists in extension back to the anatomical position

Question 31

Invertebral disc 1. anulus fibrosus 2. nucleus pulposus

Answer 31

1. fibrocartilage layers running obliquely b/w adjacent vertebral bodies 2. highly elastic central core

Question 32

the intervertebral disc is compressible and resilient

Answer 32

t

Question 33

if the disc hernates it protrodes usually in what way?why?

Answer 33

posterolaterally because of the strength of the posterior longitudinal ligament if it protrudes posteriorly, it would compress the spinal cord

Question 34

what is another name for facet joints

Answer 34

zygapophyseal joint

Question 35

the facet joints are b/w what which limits what actions and what type of displacement what disease affects it?

Answer 35

1. b/w inferior articular process of superior vertebrae and superior articular process of inferior vertebra 2. . flexion, extension, rotation 3. limits anterior and posterior displacement of adjacent vertebrae 4. osteoarthtitis

Question 36

atlantooccipital joint is b/w what allows what

Answer 36

1. c1 superior articular facet and occipital condyles | 2. allows flexion and extension(nodding yes)

Question 37

atlantoaxial joint allow skull and c1 to rotate as a unit on c2 (shaking no) rotation b/w what of axis and anterior arch of atlas dens held in place by what of atlas rotation and side-to-side head movement limited by strong alar ligaments from where to where rotation of 45 degrees at atlantoaxial joint and another 45 at the rest of the cervical vertebrae

Answer 37

t dens and anterior arch transverse ligament of atlas dens to lateral margins of foramen magnum

Question 38

sacroiliac joint: 1. what type of joint that suspends what b/w ilia 2. functions to transmit body weight from sacrum to what and then to what when standing or what when sitting 3. has what ligament

Answer 38

1. very strong synovial joint suspending the sacrum b/w the ilia 2. ileum, femur, ischial tuberosities 3. interosseous sacroiliac ; anterior and posterior sacroiliac

Question 39

back muscles | 1. movement of the vertebral col are the result of what?

Answer 39

gravity, abcominal muscles and muscles of the back

Question 40

extrinsic muscles are on the back muscles that help to anchor what to the axial skeleton? what are these muscles?

Answer 40

1. upper limb | 2. trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid, levator scapula

Question 41

intrinsic muscles 1. most of the body weight is anterior to what and thus strong muscles are attached to do what 2 things 2. what muscles are the maj muscles 3. these muscles bend how and extend the back 4. where is their origin? 5. what are their attachment?

Answer 41

1. vertebral spines; extend spine and support the weight 2. erector spinae 3. laterally 4. tendons attached to posterior part of the iliac crest, sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments and lumbosacral spines 5. spines and transverse process of the vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull

Question 42

movement of vertebral col 1. flexion 2. extension 3. lateral flexion 4. rotation

Answer 42

1. rectus abdominis, iliopsoas, scalenes, and steenocleidomastoid muscles 2. erector spinae, after initiation w/ gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles 3. abdominal obliques, quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles 4. erector spinae and deep neck muscles