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Lecture 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

scientist that first observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cells he viewed via a microscope

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

scientist that made observations of microorganisms

A

van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

theory of spontaneous generation was disputed by this scientist

A

Francesco Redi

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4
Q

cleric that advanced spontaneous generation

A

John Needham

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5
Q

scientist that showed that Boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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6
Q

most common form of microscopy

A

bright-field microscopy

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7
Q

use of visible light and magnifying lenses to examine small objects not visible to the naked eye, or in finer detail than the naked eye allows

A

light microscope

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8
Q

variation of a traditional optical microscope that uses optics and a digital camera to output an image to a monitor

A

digital microscope

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9
Q

uses specific fluorescence to generate an image to produce a color when exposed to a specific wavelength of light

A

fluorescence microscopy

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10
Q

an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image

A

phase contrast

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11
Q

in both light and electron microscopy which exclude the un-scattered beam from the image

A

dark field

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12
Q

microscope that uses beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination

A

electron microscopy

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13
Q

system of classification used in microbiology

A

binomial

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14
Q

group of organisms that are 70% similar from a biochemical standpoint

A

species

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15
Q

various species are grouped together to form this

A

genus

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16
Q

second name of binomial name

A

species modifier

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17
Q

first name of binomial name

A

genus

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18
Q

7 phenotypic characteristics that help in classifying microorganisms

A

-morphology and structure
-staining characteristics
-cellular features
-biochemical properties
-genetic characteristics
-antibody rxns
-nutritional requirements

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19
Q

bacteria classification

A

prokaryotes

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20
Q

fungi, protozoa, and unicellular algae classification

A

eukaryotes

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21
Q

contains genes that encode for information required for movement on plasmids and chromosomes

A

insertion sequence

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22
Q

two types of transposable elements

A

insertion sequence and transposon

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23
Q

contain genes for movement and other features like drug resistance

A

transposin

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24
Q

extrachromosomal DNA elements that can encode for products that help the bacteria survive under various conditions and can impart antibiotic resistance

A

plasmids

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25
pieces of DNA that are either incorporated into a plasmid or the chromosome
transposable elements
26
change in the original nucleoitde sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome
mutation
27
homologous recombination
genetic recombination
28
DNA packaged in bacteriophage to transfer to another bacterium
transduction
29
donor cell lysis to release DNA and there is uptake with recombination
transformation
30
chromosomal transfer or plasmid transfer of DNA by intercellular bridge
conjugation
31
chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma have resistance to penicillin antibiotics because
they lack a cell wall
32
antibiotic ideal for an infection caused by a single pathogen, e.g., a staphylococcal skin infection. ​
narrow spectrum antibiotic
33
most abundant antibody produced and is produced after IgM​
IgG
34
largest in size and is the initial antibody produced in reaction to an infection​
IgM
35
ab found in various body fluids (saliva, tears)​
IgA
36
ab secreted in parasitic infections and during allergies​
IgE
37
ab attached to the surface of specific immune system cells and is involved in the regulation of antibody production​
IgD
38
involves T-cells and unlike B-cells which impart their defense outside the cells toward microbes, T-cells impart their defense inside the cells. T lymphocytes are the main cell types that mediate the cell immunity arm of the immune system. ​
cell mediated immunity
39
Types of cells called B-cells which produce antibodies specifically against foreign body invader.
antibody mediated immunity
40
first response to a microbe is
nonspecific
41
factors that remove necessary nutrients such as iron and therefore make them unavailable
biochemical response of host
42
phagocytic cells that ingest and destroy (macrophages – dendritic cells – neutrophils)
cellular response of host
43
organisms that will cause disease under any condition
true pathogens
44
characteristics of an organism that impart the level of pathogenicity or ability to cause disease in humans
virulence factors
45
distinct class of genomic islands acquired by bacteria through horizontal gene transfer through horizontal gene transfer events such as transfer by a plasmid, phage, or conjugative transposon. ​
pathogenicity islands
46
infections and their symptoms progress and present quickly
acute infection
47
infections and their symptoms are slow to develop and can be insidious, sometimes taking months to years for symptoms to develop.​
chronic infection
48
water, food, air, medical devices, various other objects
vehicle borne
49
animals, insects, other humans
vector borne
50
two modes of transmission
direct and indirect
51
Tight intercellular junctions prevent bacterial penetration​ and rapid sloughing for bacterial removal in these cells
mucosal cells
52
require the cultivation of the organisms in order to visualize a characteristic of the organism that makes it unique and identifiable.​
phenotypic identification
53
bactericidal against actively growing cells
beta lactam antibiotics
54
Headache, fever, lymphadenopathy, rashes, cough-sneezing, upper respiratory symptoms such as sore throat or congestion, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, blood pressure elevation or decrease, neurologic signs, etc…​
symptoms of an infection
55
-Medical/family history​ -Travel history​ -Sexual history​ -History or risky behavior ​
clinical history important in making a diagnosis
56
organism is inherently not susceptible to the antibiotic​
intrinsic resistance
57
Intrinsic (inherent) or phenotypic​ Acquired via acquisition of foreign resistance genes​ Acquired via mutational events in the native genome​
bacterial resistance
58
exchange of r-Determinants (Genes that confer resistance to specific antimicrobial agents)
genotypic resistance
59
Transfer and recombination of resistant mutant genes is possible through normal bacterial genetic exchange mechanisms such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction. ​
mutational resistance
60
The production of enzymes that promote virulence such as coagulase; hemolysin; catalase; urease​
Subcellular properties
61
production of specific cellular antigens as with the Beta Streptococci​
Antigenic properties
62
detected mostly by molecular methods (PCR) today in the laboratory
viruses
63
most important fungal pathogens in man.​
dimorphic fungi (yeast and mold)
64
grow at 25 degrees centigrade. Seen most in soil environment.​
mold
65
grows at 37 degrees centigrade and is seen most in the host
yeast
66
Difficult to culture and most of diagnosis are made based on clinical history and presentations to be confirmed by serological testing , zoonotic disease and is not transmitted human to human
leptospirosis
67
group of organisms that are not cultured or culturable. Physically they are tightly coiled or spiral, much like a spring
spirochetes
68
very small gram negative organisms that require cells for growth and thus are obligate intracellular bacteria
rickettsia
69
organisms that transmit rickettsia
ticks, mites or lice​
70
active primarily against gram-positive bacteria
vancomycin
71
inhibits gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas species, but is not active against Proteus species
colistin
72
inhibits yeasts and fungi
anisomycin
73
inhibits Proteus
trimethoprim
74
microorganisms that have complex nutritional requirements, meaning they need specific growth factors or environmental conditions to survive and reproduce in a laboratory setting
fastidious bacteria
75
examples of fastidious bacteria (3)
neisseria gonorrhea, campylobacter jejuni, legionella species
76
antibiotic impregnated in a gradient cellulose strip, to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic against a bacterial strain
E-test
77
Would like LD50 to be _____ and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and/or Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) to be ____​
high, low
78
Lethal Dose 50%; Measure of drug toxicity/lethality against host​
LD50
79
Measure of the concentration of the minimum antibiotic necessary to inhibit growth of the target pathogen​
MIC
80
Measure of the concentration of the minimum antibiotic necessary to kill the target pathogen​
MBC
81
Survive in high concentration and reach the target site (site of infection)
favorable pharmacokinetics
82
Action of drugs in the body over a period of time including: 
 ​ -Absorption 
 ​ -Distribution
 ​ -Localization in tissues

 ​
pharmacokinetics
83
desired antibiotic characteristics (7)
-bactericidal - bacteriostatic -have spectrum of activity that is coordinated with the diagnosis -Lack of "Side Effects" ​ -Able to Cross Outer and Cytoplasmic Membranes ​ -No or Low Level of Antibiotic Resistance in Target Pathogen and Lack of Cross-Resistance in Closely Related Strains ​ -Resistant to Inactivation by Microbial Enzymes 
 ​ 

 ​
84
Five General Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance:​
Lack of entry; Decreased cell permeability ​ Greater exit; Active efflux​ Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic ​ Altered target; Modification of drug receptor site​ Synthesis of a resistant metabolic pathway​
85
- Lack of entry; Decreased cell permeability -Greater exit; Active efflux ​
permeability mechanism of antibiotic resistance
86
-Altered target; Modification of drug receptor site. -Synthesis of resistant metabolic pathway​
altered target or pathway mechanism of antibiotic resistance
87
cell wall is relatively impermeable to various basic dyes unless the dyes are combined with phenol
mycobacteria
88
waxy lipid that increases the ​virulence of mycobacteria by resisting digestion by phagocytes.
mycolic acid
89
genotypic identification of microbes
-PCR -Mass chromatography -MALDI-Tof (mass spectrometry) -DNA sequencing

PM (6 decks)

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