Lecture 1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
1
Q
Hippocrates
A
- Considered the father of medicine
- relatively little interest in anatomy or anatomical study
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2
Q
Versalius
A
- Considred by many to be the father of anatomical study
- Published first printed anatomical text Vesailius
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3
Q
Anatomy
A
- Study of the structure
- derived from the greek and means to cut up or to cut open
- Examin the relationships among parts of the body along with the strucutre of individual organs
4
Q
Ways to study Anatomy
A
- MIcroscopic(histology)
- Developmental(embryology)
- Visible(gross anatomy)
- Comparative(within or among species)
- Functional(how strcutues work)
- Abnormal or diseased(Pathology)
- Images
- Radiographic
- computerized tomography(CT)
- ultrasound
- MAgnetic Resonance imaging(MRI)
5
Q
General vs clinical anatomy?
A
- General studies of anatomy deal with function, organization and relationships of strucutres in organims– a crucial step in understanding anatomy
- Clinical anatomy puts strucutre, function,organization, and relationships within an organism in the ocntext of hte maintenacne of a healthy patient and the prevention and treatment of disease
6
Q
What are the organiztion in the human body?
A
Chemical level –> cellular level–> Tissue Level–> Organ level–> Organ system level–> Organismal level
7
Q
Organs definition
A
- Different itsseu types that work together to perform specific , complex functions form an organ
8
Q
Organ system
A
- The organ system level consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activites and achieve a common function
- 11 Organ systems in the human body
9
Q
Organism
A
All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being , the organism
10
Q
Integumentary
A
- Provides protection
- REgulates body temperature
- Site of cutaneous receptors
- Synthesize vitamin D
- Prevents water loss
- Largest organ in the body
- One of the ways you interact with external world
- Skin and nervous system closely related
11
Q
Skeletal
A
- Provides support and protection
- Site of hematopoeisis(blood cell production)
- Stores calcium and phosphorus
- Allows for body movement
- It’s a dynamic system and needs to be exposed to particular nutrients to maintain its health
- Need to be exposed to grabity to maintain it’s structure
- Individuals can chagne their musclo-skeletal system
- Release calcium and phosphorous
- Releasing too much calcium and phosphorous which causes osteoporporosis
- Exercise helps maintain bone mass and prevent osteoporosis
12
Q
Muscular
A
- Produces body movement
- Generates heat when muscles contract
- Storage of proteins
13
Q
Nervous
A
- A regulatory system that controls body movement
- REsponds to sensory stimuli
- Helps control all other systems of the body
- Also responsible for consciousness,intelligence,memory
14
Q
Endocrine
A
- Consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate
- Body and cellular growth
- Chemical level in the body reproductive functions
- Metabolism,growth,proper digestion deals with also reproduction
- All aobut hormone release adn wehre it can have effect
- Maintain healthy skin to disgeting fats, pancrease releasing insulin , etc
15
Q
Cardiovascular
A
- Consists of a pump(the heart) that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones ,nutrients, gases , and pick up waste products
16
Q
lympthatic
A
- Transports and filters lymph(interstitial fluid)
- Initiates an immune respone when necessary
- Drain interstitial fluid pull it back into the blood system
- also where the bulk of immune system is housed and now they move to sites in response to infection
- Metasis of cancer and tumor growth
17
Q
Respiratory
A
- Repsonbile for exchagne of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs
- Can’t close your vocal cords
- gas exchagne
- diaphragm is how you breath and any muscle on ribcage
- Lungs are just passive
- Elastic tissues help you exhale
- Tonsisl are protecting the upper part of your airway
18
Q
Digestive
A
- Mechanically and chemically digests food materials
- Absorbs nutrients
- Expels waste products
- Anything related to oral cavity , esophagus, dropping down to foregut(bulk of diversity), midgut, hindgut
19
Q
Urinary
A
- Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood
- concentrates waste products in the form of urine , and expels urine from the body
- complexiity is in the kidney
20
Q
Male reproductive system
A
- Produces male sex cells(sperm) and male hormones(ex testosterone)
- Transfers pserm to the female
21
Q
Female Reproductive system
A
- Produces female sex cells(oocytes) and female hormones(ex estrogen and progesterone)
- Receives sperm from male
- site of fertilization of oocyte
- site of growth and development of embryo and fetus
- mamary glands are important
22
Q
Body Regions
A
- The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions
- The axial region includes the head , neck and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body
- Our limbs,or appendages ,attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendciular region
- Nervous system and vascular system will be presented separately
23
Q
Regional vs Systemic
A
- Regional anatomy=study of anatomy based on regions of the body; emphasizes relationships among strucutres
- Systemic anatomy=study of anatomy based on organ systems
24
Q
Anatomical Position
A
- Anatomical position is a specific body position in which an indivual stands upright with the feet parallel and falt on the floor
- The head is level, and the eyes look foward toward the observer
- The arms are at eitehr side of the body with the palms facing foward and the thumbs pointing away from the body
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Plane
* Imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections
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What are the three major anatomic planes of refrences?
* Coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes
* Sagittal runs anterior to posterior
* Coronal=across your head from medial to lateral or left to right
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Coronal Plane
* Also called a frontal plane , is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse plane
* also called a cross sectinoal or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of hte body or organ separating it into both superior and inferior parts
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Sagittal plane
* Median plane-extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the strucutre into right and left halves
* A sagittal plane in the boyd midline is a midsagittal plane
* A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane,but either to the left or the right of it , is termed a parasagittal plane
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Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Superior
Inferior
Caudal
Cranial
* Anterior-in front of;toward the front surface
* Posterior=in back of;toward the back surface
* Dorsal=at the back side of the human body
* Ventral=at the belly side of the human body
* Superior=twoard the head or above
* Inferior=toward feet not head
* Caudal=at the rear or tail end
* Cranial=at the head end
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Medial
Lateral
Deep
Superficial
Proximal
Distal
* Relative and directional terms of the body
* Medial=toward the midline of the body
* Lateral=away from the midline of the body
* Deep=on the inside,underneath another structure
* Superficial=on the outside
* Relative and directional terms of the body
* Proximal=closet to point of attachment to trunk
* Distal=furthest from point of attachment to trunk
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Crainial cavity
Vertebral Canal
* Formed by the cranium and houses the brain
* Formed by the individual bones fo the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
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Body cavities
* Both thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with thin serous membranes , which are composed of two layers
* A parietal layer lines the internal surface of hte body wall
* Visceral layer covers the external surface of organs within the cavity
* Between the parietal and visceral alyers of the serous membrane is thin serous cavity, containing a lubricating film of serous fluid
* If you don't have a plura membrane in your lungs,lungs don't work
* Fluid between layers helps create surface tension which helps you breathe
* Two layers of pleura have come parat in a collapse lung
* The membrane within cavities extremely important
*
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What helps reduce friction?
Serous fluid reduces fircition and helps the organs move smooothly against both one another and the body wall
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Median space
* Median spcae in thoracic cavity is called the mediastinum
* Contains the heart, thymus ,esophagus , trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart
* within the mediastinum , the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the pericardium
36
What are the two layers in the lung?
* Contains rihgt and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lung
* They are lined by a two layered serous membrane called pleura
* outer layer is the parietal pleura;it lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall
* Inner layer is the visceral pleura;it covers the external surface of the lung
* Narrow moist ,potential space between them is called pleural cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
* Consists of an abdominal cavity and a plevic cavity
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Peritoneum
A moist two layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
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Abdominopelvic Regions
* Abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into 9 smaller, imaginary compartments
* Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region
* Right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region
* Right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region
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