Lecture 1 Flashcards by Mary Pennington

anatomy

study of the bodily structure of living organisms

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physiology

study of the way a living organism’s structures function

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Andreas Vesalius

wrote the first anatomy textbook De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Structure of the Human Body)

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William Harvey

discovered blood circulation

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List the four most important needs of humans.

oxygen
nutrients
narrow range of temperature
narrow range of atmospheric pressure

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homeostasis

regulating the composition and properties of the extracellular fluid within narrow limits (detects the deviations and starts a process to return conditions to normal)

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negative feedback

changes in one direction triggers a reaction in the opposite direction

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List the five levels of organization of the body.

(atoms) molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems

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homeotic (HOX) genes

family of genes that determine the plan/pattern of the body in an organism; centrol role in evolution and development; four groups of similar HOX genes control related regions both in humans and fruit flies

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List the ten major characteristics of higher life forms.

move
respond or react to a stimulus
grow
reproduce
respire
digest food
absorb products of digestion
circulate blood
assimilate food products
excrete unwanted or harmful materials

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List the MAJOR body cavities.

dorsal, ventral, small head cavity in the axial portion (head, neck, trunk)

the other portion is called the appendicular portion (arms and legs)

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List the cavities found in the dorsal cavity and their organs.

cranial: brain

2. vetebral: spinal cord

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List the membranes in the thoracic cavity.

pleural: lines thoracic cavity and covers lungs
pericardial: surrounds the heart and covers its surface

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List the membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity.

peritoneal: lines abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs inside

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List the major organ systems.

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endrocrine, digestive, respirator, circulatory, lymphatic, urinary, reproductive

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integumentary system

body covering, skin

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endocrine system

thyroid, pancreas

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superior

towards the head

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inferior

away from the head

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toward the front

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posterior

toward the back

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medial

toward the midline

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lateral

toward the side

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ipsilateral

same side

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contralateral

opposite side

proximal

toward the main mass of the body

distal

away from the main mass of the body

superficial

toward the surface of the body

deep

away from the surface of the body

central

at the center

peripheral

around the outside

sagittal

vertical dividing plane

transversal

horizontal dividing plane

coronal (frontal)

divides anterior and posterior

acromial

point of the shoulder

brachial

upper arm

antebrachial

forearm

cubital

elbow

antecubital

inner elbow

axillary

armpit

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

cephalic

pertaining to the head

cervical

neck

costal

ribs

digital

finger

frontal

forehead

lumbar

lower back

pectoral

chest

pedal

foot

plantar

sole of foot

vertebral

vertebra or spinal column

List the nine abdominal regions and where they are.

right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right iliac hypogastric left iliac

endoscopy

where endoscopes (cameras) are inserted into the body openings or small surgical incisions that allows less invasive surgeries

invasive surgeries

where the body is invaded or penetrated in some way

noninvasive surgeries

x-rays, computed axial tomography, positron-emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography

parietal

the membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

visceral

the membrane that covers the surface of an organ

List and describe the two important biochemical processes in living creatures.

1. degrade molecules to obtain energy 2. synthesize new molecules for the body's structural and functional components * the sum of these is called metabolism*

List the organs in the integumentary system

Skin

List the organs in the skeletal system

Skull, humerus, calcaneum

List the organs in the muscular system

Biceps brachii, gastrocnemius

List the organs in the nervous system

Brain, spinal cord

List the organs in the endocrine system

Thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, pituitary

List the organs in the digestive system

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver

List the organs in the respiratory system

Lungs

List the organs in the circulatory system

Heart, arteries, veins

List the organs in the lymphatic system

Lymph nodes, spleen

List the organs in the urinary system

Kidney, bladder, ureters

List the organs in the reproductive system

Testes, ovaries, uterus, penis, vagina

Lecture 1 Flashcards

(70 cards)