Lecture 2

Question 1

Summarize the current scientific thinking of how life originated on earth.

Answer 1

1. lightning or ultraviolet radiation initiated the synthesis of the first organic molecules
2. thermal vents in the ocean may have been sites for organic molecule synthesis
3. 30% of meteorites and comets can be made up of organic molecules

Question 2

matter

Answer 2

occupies space and has mass; includes solids, gases, and liquids

Question 3

atom composition

Answer 3

1. negative electrons
2. positive protons
3. neutral neutrons
   composed of quarks and held together by glutons

Question 4

structure of hydrogen and carbon atoms

Answer 4

hydrogen: 1 p+, 1 e-
carbon: 6p+, 6n, 6e-

Question 5

ions

Answer 5

same atom, different # e-

Question 6

atomic number

Answer 6

number of protons

Question 7

atomic weight

Answer 7

protons + neutrons

Question 8

isotope

Answer 8

same atom, different n

Question 9

covalent bond

Answer 9

share e-

Question 10

ionic bond

Answer 10

donate/receive e-

Question 11

hydrogen bond

Answer 11

hydrogen and oxygen or nitrogen; maintain shape of proteins

Question 12

van der waals forces

Answer 12

weak, short-range attractions between atoms and molecules; tension of water

Question 13

denatured

Answer 13

what a hydrogen bond is broken and the protein loses its structure

Question 14

KCl

Answer 14

potassium chloride

Question 15

MgCl2

Answer 15

magnesium chloride

Question 16

CaCl2

Answer 16

calcium chloride

Question 17

MgSO4

Answer 17

magnesium sulfate

Question 18

H3PO4

Answer 18

phosphoric acid

Question 19

NaH2PO4
Na2H2PO4
Na3H2PO4

Answer 19

monosodium phosphate
disodium phosphate
trisodium phosphate

Question 20

NH3

Answer 20

ammonia

Question 21

NH4Cl

Answer 21

ammonium chloride

Question 22

H2CO3

Answer 22

carbonic acid

Question 23

H2SO4

Answer 23

sulphuric acid

Question 24

NaHCO3

Answer 24

hydrochloric acid

Question 25

NaHCO3

Answer 25

sodium bicarbonate

Question 26

CaCO3

Answer 26

calcium carbonate

Question 27

C6H12O6

Answer 27

glucose

Question 28

C12H22O11

Answer 28

sucrose

Question 29

CO(NH2)2

Answer 29

urea

Question 30

synthesis reaction

Answer 30

A+B = AB | ex) amino acids join together to make protein

Question 31

dissociation or decomposition reaction

Answer 31

AB = A+B ex) glycogen is broken down into glucose molecules involves water = hydrolysis

Question 32

exchange reaction

Answer 32

AB + CD = AD + BC

Question 33

reversible reaction

Answer 33

the reaction that can go both ways | ex) carbon dioxide and carbonic acid in the body; carbon dioxide exhale, carbonic acid for muscles

Question 34

acids

Answer 34

H+

Question 35

bases

Answer 35

OH-

Question 36

salts

Answer 36

acid + base = salt + water

Question 37

electrolytes

Answer 37

substances bonded together by electrovalent bonds which dissociate into their constituent ions when dissolved in water; will conduct electricity

Question 38

pH

Answer 38

negative logarithm of the H+ concentration

Question 39

major inorganic substances found in cells

Answer 39

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium sulfate

Question 40

major organic substances found in cells and their role in the cell

Answer 40

carbohydrates: produce energy lipids: produce energy proteins: structure, metabolism nucleic acids/nucleotides: building block of DNA and RNA

Question 41

carbohydrate

Answer 41

C, H, and O; burned by the cell to produce energy

Question 42

three classes of carbohydrates with one example each

Answer 42

1. monosaccharides: glucose 2. disaccharides: sucrose 3. polysaccharides: glycogen

Question 43

lipid

Answer 43

not soluble in water; burned by cell to produce energy

Question 44

three classes of lipids with one example each

Answer 44

1. triglycerides: palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid 2. steroids: testosterone 3. phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine

Question 45

protein and three examples

Answer 45

chains of amino acids covalently bonded with carboxyl groups called peptide bonds; albumin, hemoglobin, collagen, amylase

Question 46

three components of a nucleotide

Answer 46

1. nitrogen-containing base (AGCTU) 2. 5-carbon sugar pentose (ribose, 2-deoxyribose) 3. one or more phosphate group

Question 47

chemical makeup of triglycerides

Answer 47

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 48

general structure of amino acids

Answer 48

amino group, carboxyl group, peptide bond

Question 49

describe the basis of some genetic diseases

Answer 49

change in one amino acid in an important protein like an enzyme or structural protein