Lecture 3

Question 1

How many cells is the human body made up of

Answer 1

more than 1 x 10^13 (ten trillion)

Question 2

How many cells may die and be replaced in a day

Answer 2

60 - 70 billion

Question 3

How to cell differ from each other

Answer 3

in shape and function

Question 4

components of the plasma membrane

Answer 4

lipids and glycolipids, proteins and glycoproteins, carbohydrates, microvilli

Question 5

components of the cytoplasm

Answer 5

endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosoes, cilia/flagella, vesicles, microfilaments, microtubules, inclusions

Question 6

components of the nucleus

Answer 6

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear matrix

Question 7

list the intercellular junctions

Answer 7

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, adherens

Question 8

describe the makeup of the plasma membrane

Answer 8

phospholipid bilayer, microvilli, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

Question 9

role cholesterol in the plasma membrane

Answer 9

determines membrane fluidity; more cholesterol + less fluid

Question 10

integral proteins

Answer 10

proteins embedded in the membrane

Question 11

transmembrane proteins

Answer 11

proteins that span the membrane

Question 12

carrier proteins

Answer 12

transport molecules across the membrane

Question 13

channel proteins

Answer 13

form water-filled pores permitting ions to cross the membrane

Question 14

transporter proteins

Answer 14

neurotransmission

Question 15

receptor proteins

Answer 15

binds a specific substance exposed to the cell

Question 16

peripheral proteins

Answer 16

bound to surface of the membrane; some partially inside the membrane

Question 17

glycolipids/glycoproteins

Answer 17

lipids/proteins containing carbohydrates

Question 18

carbohydrate’s role in the plasma membrane

Answer 18

always outside; cell-cell interaction and cell recognition

Question 19

tight junction

Answer 19

seals space between cells

Question 20

adherens junction

Answer 20

connects actin filament bundles in adjacent cells

Question 21

desmosome

Answer 21

very strong junction that connects intermediate filaments in adjacent cells

Question 22

gap junction

Answer 22

communicating junction that allows small molecules and ions to pass between cells

Question 23

pemphigus

Answer 23

disease caused by antibodies made against the skin’s desmosomes

Question 24

rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

has ribosomes/does not have ribosomes

Question 25

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

synthesizes and secretes proteins and lipids

Question 26

ribosomes

Answer 26

composed of ribosomal RNA; join individual amino acids together during protein synthesis

Question 27

golgi apparatus

Answer 27

made of endoplasmic reticulum; intracellular delivery and export, chemically modifies, sorts, and packages the newly-synthesized proteins

Question 28

mitrochondria

Answer 28

used oxygen to oxidise glucose and fatty acids to make ATP

Question 29

lysosomes

Answer 29

break down proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids; formed by the Golgi

Question 30

peroxisomes

Answer 30

bags of enzymes; break down fatty acids, synthesize cholesterol; make parts of the myelin sheath

Question 31

adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)

Answer 31

failure to form the peroxisomal enzymes that oxidize long chain fatty acids

Question 32

centrosomes

Answer 32

where cell microtubules are produced, divides to centrioles during cell division

Question 33

cilia/flagella

Answer 33

the motile hair-like structure on the surface of the cell membrane

Question 34

vesicles

Answer 34

around the Golgi and are a part of endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 35

cytoskeleton

Answer 35

a network of actin filaments; intermingled with microtubules; intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to cells and tissues

Question 36

inclusions

Answer 36

lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and melanin granules

Question 37

nuclear envelope

Answer 37

double-walled; has nuclear pores that let RNA move out to the cytoplasm and proteins to move into the nucleus

Question 38

nucleolus

Answer 38

where ribosomes are assembled

Question 39

chromatin

Answer 39

made of DNA and associated proteins (histones); within the nuclear matrix; when they condense and duplicate they form chromosomes

Question 40

nuclear matrix

Answer 40

variety of soluble molecules that may play a role for gene expression

Question 41

structure of lysosomes

Answer 41

contain enzymes for digestion, single phospholipid bilayer

Question 42

pH of lysosomes

Answer 42

around 5

Question 43

microvilli

Answer 43

non-motile, hollow, tubular extension of the cell membrane to increase surface area to improve absorption

Question 44

microtubules

Answer 44

responsible for cell shape; hollow rods; move organelles around the cell interior