Lecture 1

Question 1

Below which age are congential heart defects usually recognised?

Answer 1

6 months

Question 2

What usually causes a cardiac cough?

Answer 2

LA enlargement

Question 3

What does visible jugular vein indicate?

Answer 3

Increased systemic venous or RV pressure

Question 4

Below what threshold do you see cyanosis?

Answer 4

70% O2 or PaO2 below 40mmHg

Question 5

What side heart failed does ascites imply?

Answer 5

Right-sided

Question 6

What value does pulse evaluation measure?

Answer 6

Systolic - diastolic

Question 7

In which conditions do you see decreased pulse pressure?

Answer 7

Heart failure or hypovolaemia

Question 8

In which conditions do you see bounding pulse?

Answer 8

Anaemia, PDA, aortic regurgitation

Question 9

In which condition do you particularly see pulse deficits?

Answer 9

Tachyarrythmia

Question 10

Over which valve is the apex beat?

Answer 10

Mitral on left, tricuspid on right

Question 11

What causes a precordial thrill?

Answer 11

Turbulence

Question 12

Which sounds is the diaphragm of the stethoscope used to hear?

Answer 12

High frequency e.g. 1st/2nd heart sounds

Question 13

Which sounds is the bell of the stethoscope used to hear?

Answer 13

Low frequency e.g. 3rd/4th heart sounds in dogs

Question 14

Which heart sounds are in systole?

Answer 14

1 and 2

Question 15

Which heart sounds are in diastole?

Answer 15

3 and 4

Question 16

What are the 1st and 2nd heart sounds from?

Answer 16

Closure of AV valves and then closure of pulmonary/aortic valves

Question 17

Which heart sound is heard in a gallop rhythm?

Answer 17

S3 or S4, but can’t tell which

Question 18

What can affect the first heart sound?

Answer 18

Contractility, e.g. louder during exercise

Question 19

In what condition can the 2nd heart sound be split?

Answer 19

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 20

What is the 3rd heart sound from?

Answer 20

Rapid ventricular filling (mitral valve open)

Question 21

What conditions can cause an audible 3rd heart sound?

Answer 21

Vibrations in a stiff ventricular wall, e.g. DCM in dogs

Question 22

What is the 4th heart sound from?

Answer 22

Atrial systole (blood into overdistended ventricle)

Question 23

What conditions can cause an audible 4th heart sound?

Answer 23

Feline HCM

Question 24

What are the two causes of heart murmurs?

Answer 24

Turbulence or vibration of a structure

Question 25

When do systolic murmurs occur?

Answer 25

Over heart sounds

Question 26

When do diastolic murmurs occur?

Answer 26

After heart sounds

Question 27

When do continuous murmurs occur?

Answer 27

Constantly, but get louder and quieter over systole and diastole

Question 28

What are four causes of innocent/flow murmurs?

Answer 28

Immature animal, anaemia, hypoviscosity, increased velocity

Question 29

What does a grade I murmur sound like?

Answer 29

Heard in a quiet room, only one side

Question 30

What does a grade II murmur sound like?

Answer 30

faint but easily heard

Question 31

What does a grade III murmur sound like?

Answer 31

Same intensity as heart sounds

Question 32

What does a grade IV murmur sound like?

Answer 32

Louder than heart sounds

Question 33

What does a grade V murmur sound like?

Answer 33

Like IV, but palpable thrill

Question 34

What does a grade VI murmur sound like?

Answer 34

Heard when stethoscope is removed from chest wall

Question 35

Which two conditions can cause a systolic plateau murmur?

Answer 35

AV valve regurgitation, L-R shunting VSD

Question 36

What does a systolic ejection murmur sound like?

Answer 36

Squeak

Question 37

What three conditions can cause a systolic ejection murmur?

Answer 37

Aortic stenosis, increased blood flow, pulmonic stenosis

Question 38

Which three conditions can cause a diastolic murmur?

Answer 38

Aortic regurgitation, pulmonic regurgitation, AV valve stenosis

Question 39

What does a PDA murmur sound like?

Answer 39

Characteristic continuous machinery murmur

Question 40

Which conditions can cause a continuous murmur?

Answer 40

PDA, or any combination of systolic and diastolic murmur