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Cardiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Below which age are congential heart defects usually recognised?

A

6 months

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2
Q

What usually causes a cardiac cough?

A

LA enlargement

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3
Q

What does visible jugular vein indicate?

A

Increased systemic venous or RV pressure

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4
Q

Below what threshold do you see cyanosis?

A

70% O2 or PaO2 below 40mmHg

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5
Q

What side heart failed does ascites imply?

A

Right-sided

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6
Q

What value does pulse evaluation measure?

A

Systolic - diastolic

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7
Q

In which conditions do you see decreased pulse pressure?

A

Heart failure or hypovolaemia

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8
Q

In which conditions do you see bounding pulse?

A

Anaemia, PDA, aortic regurgitation

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9
Q

In which condition do you particularly see pulse deficits?

A

Tachyarrythmia

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10
Q

Over which valve is the apex beat?

A

Mitral on left, tricuspid on right

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11
Q

What causes a precordial thrill?

A

Turbulence

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12
Q

Which sounds is the diaphragm of the stethoscope used to hear?

A

High frequency e.g. 1st/2nd heart sounds

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13
Q

Which sounds is the bell of the stethoscope used to hear?

A

Low frequency e.g. 3rd/4th heart sounds in dogs

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14
Q

Which heart sounds are in systole?

A

1 and 2

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15
Q

Which heart sounds are in diastole?

A

3 and 4

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16
Q

What are the 1st and 2nd heart sounds from?

A

Closure of AV valves and then closure of pulmonary/aortic valves

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17
Q

Which heart sound is heard in a gallop rhythm?

A

S3 or S4, but can’t tell which

18
Q

What can affect the first heart sound?

A

Contractility, e.g. louder during exercise

19
Q

In what condition can the 2nd heart sound be split?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

20
Q

What is the 3rd heart sound from?

A

Rapid ventricular filling (mitral valve open)

21
Q

What conditions can cause an audible 3rd heart sound?

A

Vibrations in a stiff ventricular wall, e.g. DCM in dogs

22
Q

What is the 4th heart sound from?

A

Atrial systole (blood into overdistended ventricle)

23
Q

What conditions can cause an audible 4th heart sound?

A

Feline HCM

24
Q

What are the two causes of heart murmurs?

A

Turbulence or vibration of a structure

25
Q

When do systolic murmurs occur?

A

Over heart sounds

26
Q

When do diastolic murmurs occur?

A

After heart sounds

27
Q

When do continuous murmurs occur?

A

Constantly, but get louder and quieter over systole and diastole

28
Q

What are four causes of innocent/flow murmurs?

A

Immature animal, anaemia, hypoviscosity, increased velocity

29
Q

What does a grade I murmur sound like?

A

Heard in a quiet room, only one side

30
Q

What does a grade II murmur sound like?

A

faint but easily heard

31
Q

What does a grade III murmur sound like?

A

Same intensity as heart sounds

32
Q

What does a grade IV murmur sound like?

A

Louder than heart sounds

33
Q

What does a grade V murmur sound like?

A

Like IV, but palpable thrill

34
Q

What does a grade VI murmur sound like?

A

Heard when stethoscope is removed from chest wall

35
Q

Which two conditions can cause a systolic plateau murmur?

A

AV valve regurgitation, L-R shunting VSD

36
Q

What does a systolic ejection murmur sound like?

A

Squeak

37
Q

What three conditions can cause a systolic ejection murmur?

A

Aortic stenosis, increased blood flow, pulmonic stenosis

38
Q

Which three conditions can cause a diastolic murmur?

A

Aortic regurgitation, pulmonic regurgitation, AV valve stenosis

39
Q

What does a PDA murmur sound like?

A

Characteristic continuous machinery murmur

40
Q

Which conditions can cause a continuous murmur?

A

PDA, or any combination of systolic and diastolic murmur

Cardiology (9 decks)

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