Lecture 6: Heart Failure Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are some signs of a fall in CO?
Cool extremities, fall in rectal temperature, weakness/syncope, clow CRT, arrhythmias, reduced mentation/confusion, along with congestive failure signs
Which body systems are activated following fall in CO?
RAAS, ANP and BNP release, sympathetic NS
Where are ANP and BNP stored and released?
Myocardium
What is the function of releasing ANP and BNP?
Natriuretics and vasorelaxants - buffer RAAS and sympathetic systems
What are three consequences of catecholamine increase?
No sinus arrhythmia, reduced vagal restraint on heart, so HR increases
What can owners monitor for as the first sign of fall in CO?
Tachycardia when sleeping
What is eccentric hypertrophy?
Volume overload, increased thickness and radius
What is concentric hypertrophy?
Pressure overload, extremely increased thickness and decreased radius
What are the five causes of heart failure?
Diastolic failure, abnormal rate/rhythm, pressure overload, volume overload, myocardial failure
Which species especially gets compliance/diastolic failure?
Cats
What is compliance/diastolic failure?
Prevent adequate ventricular relaxation
Which heart rate can provoke cardiomyopathy over a long period?
Tachycardia
What causes a systolic dysfunction?
Decreased contractility
What causes a diastolic dysfunction?
Decreased relaxation
Is it forward or backwar failure where signs vary depending on the side?
Backward
What is class 1 congestive heart failure?
No signs, but clinical evidence of heart disease
What is class 2 congestive heart failure?
Exercise intolerance or dyspnoea after marked exercise
What is class 3 congestive heart failure?
Marked exercise intolerance, dyspnoea after mild exercise
What is class 4 congestive heart failure?
Cannot exercise, dyspnoea at rest
What are the four stages of diastole?
Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid early mitral flow, diastasis, atrial contraction
Which two conditions delay relaxation of the heart?
Ventricular hypertrophy, abnormal calcium movement
Which four factors affect chamber stiffness and compliance?
Fibrosis, ischaemia, hypertrophy, tamponade
What are some causes of ventricular hypertrophy?
HCM, aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, heartworm, systemic hypertension
What are five causes of diastolic dysfunction?
Ventricular hypertrophy, obstruction to ventricular filling, AV valve stenosis, intracardiac neoplasia, pericardial disease
