Lecture 1: Cardiovascular

Question 1

What are the layers of the heart from outer to inner?

Answer 1

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Question 2

What is epicardium composed of? (4)

Answer 2

• Coronary vessel
• Adipose tissue
• Nerves
• Visceral pericardium

Question 3

What is the myocardium composed of?

Answer 3

Cardiac muscle (ex: myocyte, intercalated disks)

Question 4

What are the layers of the endocardium? (3)

Answer 4

• Endothelium
• Subendothelium
• Subendocardium = contains Purkenjie fibers

Question 5

The largest arteries in the body (aorta, pulmonary trunk) are which type of arteries?

Answer 5

Elastic

Question 6

What makes up the tunica intima?

Answer 6

Endothelial cells & Subendothelial layer of CT

Question 7

Which type of collagen is found in reticular fibers?

Answer 7

Type III

Question 8

Does the heart contain a stem cell such as the satellite cell which can differentiate and replaces the damaged myocytes? Why or why not?

Answer 8

No b/c while skeletal muscle cells possess satellite cells, cardiac tissue does NOT

Question 9

The inside of the heart is lined with ________.

Answer 9

Endothelium = simple squamous epithelium

Question 10

The outside of the heart is lined with _______.

Answer 10

Mesothelium = simple squamous epithelium

Question 11

What are purkenjie cells?

Answer 11

conducting cells (modified myocytes)

Question 12

Where do portal systems occur?

Answer 12

between 2 capillary beds

Question 13

What are the two types of portal systems? Where are they located?

Answer 13

• Arterial system = located in kidneys & has an arteriole between the 2 beds
• Venous system = located in liver & has vein between the 2 beds

Question 14

What are the layers of the blood vessels from outer to inner?

Answer 14

1) Tunica Adventitia
2) Tunica Media
3) Tunica Intima

“You go OUTSIDE to have an ADVENTURE”
“You post on social MEDIA”
“ You stay INSIDE for an INTIMATE evening”

Question 15

What covers the inside of the tunica adventitia? It is composed of which type of fibers?

Answer 15

External elastic lamina = elastic fibers

Question 16

Which type of fibers make up the tunica adventitia?

Answer 16

elastic fibers

Question 17

What makes up the tunic media?

Answer 17

elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells

Question 18

What covers the inside of the tunica media? It is composed of which type of fibers?

Answer 18

Internal elastic lamina = elastic fibers

Question 19

What cell type makes up the tunica intima?

Answer 19

smooth muscle cells

Question 20

What lines the inside of the blood vessel?

Answer 20

endothelium

Question 21

What do large veins like the vena cava contain that arteries do not?

Answer 21

valves

Question 22

What makes up the arterioles?

Answer 22

1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells

Question 23

Where are continuous capillaries located (2) and what do they contain?

Answer 23

• Muscles and nerve tissue
• Contain fully intact membrane = has no holes in it = no diffusion

Question 24

Where are fenestrated capillaries located and what do they contain?

Answer 24

• Digestive organs and pancreas (some endocrine glands)
• Contain perforated membrane = has some holes = some diffusion

Question 25

Where are sinusoidal (aka discontinuous) capillaries located (3) and what do they contain?

Answer 25

- Liver, spleen, bone marrow - Contain incomplete membrane = has large gaps = diffusion of large products (i.e. RBCs)

Question 26

What does the neurovascular bundle contain?

Answer 26

nerve, artery, vein, and lymph

Question 27

How would you identify a nerve image in a neurovascular bundle?

Answer 27

no lumen, but several nerve fascicles (bundle of fibers)

Question 28

How would you identify an artery in a neurovascular bundle?

Answer 28

thick tunica media (mostly SMCs) & red colored lumen due to RBCs

Question 29

How would you identify a vein in a neurovascular bundle?

Answer 29

thin tunica media + irregularly shaped lumen

Question 30

How would you identify lymph in a neurovascular bundle?

Answer 30

contains only endothelium

Question 31

What causes a myocardial infarction?

Answer 31

Caused by a build-up of cholesterol (atherosclerosis) * Cholesterol damages endothelium * Formation of plaque then blocks the artery preventing flow

Question 32

Explain the process of myocardial repair

Answer 32

1) Blockage of coronary arteries = complete blood loss = muscle tissue dies 2) **Neutrophils & macrophages** clear out areas of dead (necrotic) cells 3) **Fibroblasts** use collagen to form scar tissue

Question 33

How does congestive heart failure (CHF) occur?

Answer 33

Occurs when heart is unable to pump enough blood due to cardiac hypertrophy

Question 34

What is #1?

Answer 34

Epithelium

Question 35

What is #2?

Answer 35

Subendothelium

Question 36

What is #3?

Answer 36

Subendocardium

Question 37

What is #4?

Answer 37

Myocytes

Question 37

What is #5?

Answer 37

Intercalated discs

Question 38

What is circled?

Answer 38

Purkenjie cells

Question 39

What is #1?

Answer 39

Elastic artery

Question 40

What is #2?

Answer 40

Semilunar valve leaflets

Question 41

What is #1?

Answer 41

Tunica media

Question 42

What is #2

Answer 42

Tunica intima

Question 43

What is #3?

Answer 43

Endothelium

Question 44

What is #1?

Answer 44

Adventitia

Question 45

What is #2?

Answer 45

Media

Question 46

What is #3?

Answer 46

Intima

Question 47

What is #1?

Answer 47

Internal elastic lamina

Question 48

What is #2?

Answer 48

Media

Question 49

What is #3?

Answer 49

Lumen

Question 50

What is #4?

Answer 50

External elastic lamina

Question 51

What is #1?

Answer 51

Vein

Question 52

What is #2?

Answer 52

Muscular artery

Question 53

What is #3?

Answer 53

Adipose

Question 54

What is #4?

Answer 54

Muscle

Question 55

What is #5?

Answer 55

Nerve

Question 56

What is #6?

Answer 56

Fascial sheath

Question 56

What is #6?

Answer 56

Fascial sheath

Question 57

What is #1?

Answer 57

Internal elastic lamina

Question 58

What is #2?

Answer 58

Endothelium (intima)

Question 59

What is #3?

Answer 59

Media = more cells than fibers (stained dark purple)

Question 60

What is #4?

Answer 60

External elastic lamina

Question 61

What is #5?

Answer 61

Adventitia

Question 62

What do endothelial cells (simple squamous) secrete? (5) ## Footnote HIGH yield

Answer 62

* **Von Willebrand factor** = bloot clot formation * **Endothelin** = Vasoconstrcitors (contracts vessels) * **Collagen 2, 4, 5**= ECM fibers * **Fibronectin** = glycoprotein in ECM * **Laminin** = glycoprotein in ECM

Question 63

What 3 systems are activated to maintain cardiac output?

Answer 63

1) **Increase in catecholamines from SNS** = results in peripheral vasoconstriction = increased venous return 2) **Renin-angiotensisn-aldosterone (RAAS)** decreases kidney filtration & increases fluid retention = increases blood volume 3) **Cardiac hypertrophy** from increased sarcomeres in either parallel or series

Question 64

What is does concentric hypertrophy cause?

Answer 64

increases wall thickness (parallel sarcomere replication)

Question 65

What does eccentric hypertrophy cause?

Answer 65

increases wall length (series sarcomere replication)

Question 66

1. The identified cells help to conduct impulses across the heart. What is the cell type indicated? a. Myocytes b. Specialized nerve fibers c. Purkenjie fibers d. Smooth muscle fibers

Answer 66

c. Purkenjie fibers

Question 67

2. Identify the indicated structure: a. External elastic lamina b. Internal elastic lamina c. Tunica media d. Tunica adventitia

Answer 67

b. Internal elastic lamina

Question 68

3. Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature between larger veins, like the vena cava, and arteries? a. Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves b. The tunica adventitia in veins is not as clearly delimited as it is in arteries c. The walls in veins are thinner than the walls in arteries d. The tunica media in veins consists of elastic fibers whereas arteries consist of reticular fibers

Answer 68

d. The tunica media in veins consists of elastic fibers whereas arteries consist of reticular fibers

Question 69

4. Continuous capillaries are most commonly seen in which of the following? a. Kidney b. Bone marrow c. Spleen d. Muscle

Answer 69

d. Muscle

Question 70

5. Identify the following structure: a. Medium vein b. Aorta c. Vena cava d. Muscular artery

Answer 70

a. Medium vein

Question 71

6. Identify the following structure: a. Arteriole b. Medium vein c. Muscular artery d. Elastic artery

Answer 71

a. Arteriole