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Histology Exam 2 > Lecture 4: Eye > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions (4) of the eye?

A

1) Regulate the amount of light entering the eye
2) Focus light to form an image (lens→neural retina)
3) Converts light into neural activity (rods+cones)
4) Analyzes visual images before relaying information to the brain (via optic n.)

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2
Q

List chambers of the eye

A

Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber, Vitreous chamber

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3
Q

Where is the anterior chamber located? (3)

A

Space defined by the

  • (behind) cornea
  • (in front) iris and lens
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4
Q

Which chambers are filled with aqueous humor?

A

Anterior & Posterior chamber

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5
Q

Which chamber is filled with gelatinous vitreous humor?

A

Vitreous chamber

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6
Q

Where is the posterior chamber located? (4)

A

Space defined by the
* (behind) iris
* (in front) lens, zonule fibers, ciliary body

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7
Q

Where is the vitreous chamber located? (3)

A

Space defined by the

  • (behind) lens, zonule fibers (ciliary body)
  • (completely surrounds) retina
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8
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye?

A

Retinal layer

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9
Q

What does the retinal layer contain? (2)

A

neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium

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10
Q

What does the choroid (middle-pigmented) layer contain? (3)

A
  • Choroid
  • Iris
  • Ciliary body
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11
Q

What does the corneoscleral layer contain? (2)

A
  • Cornea
  • Sclera
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12
Q

What is the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid layer

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13
Q

What is the outer fibrous layer of the eye?

A

Corneoscleral layer

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14
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A

1) Epithelium
2) Bowman’s layer (membrane)
3) Stroma
4) Descemet’s layer (membrane)
5) Corneal endothelium

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15
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the epithelium layer of the cornea?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized corneal epithelium

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16
Q

What type of tissue makes up the stroma layer of the cornea?

A

dense regular CT

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17
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the corneal endothelium layer of the cornea?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What type of tissue composes the choroid?

A

loose CT

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19
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

highly vascularized pigmented

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20
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

regulated fine focus by adjusting the shape of the lens via parasympathetically innervated ciliary muscles

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21
Q

What does the ciliary body contain?

A

ciliary processes and zonule fibers

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22
Q

What are zonule fibers?

A

fine ligaments connecting ciliary body to lens

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23
Q

What is the source of aqueous humor?

A

ciliary processes

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24
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

regulates amount of light entering the eye by changing size of pupil

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25
Which muscle of the iris is sympathetically innervated?
dilator pupillae muscle
26
Which muscle of the iris is parasympathetically innervated?
constrictor pupillae muscle
27
What is the lens?
biconvex transparent avascular tissue
28
What is the function of the lens?
provides fine focus of the visual image by changing shape via ciliary muscle
29
What is the outer capsule of the lens composed of?
thick basement membrane
30
What are opacities called?
cataracts
31
What do the anterior epithelial cells of the lens differentiate into?
elongated fiber cells
32
**What are the ten layers of the retina?**
From Superficial to Deep 1) Retinal pigment epithelium 2) Rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments 3) Outer limiting membrane 4) Outer nuclear layer (photoreceptor cell bodies) 5) Outer synaptic layer 6) Inner nuclear layer (interneurons) 7) Inner synaptic (plexiform) layer 8) Ganglion cell bodies 9) Ganglion cell axons 10) Inner limiting membranes
33
What does the retinal pigment epithelium form?
- blood retina barrier - absorbs stray/excess light - phagocytize shed photoreceptors (rods and cones) outer segments/discs
34
What is the function of rods and cones?
- detect light and color - rods detect low light and are used for night vision - cones detect color
35
What does the outer limiting membrane of the retina form?
row of zonulae adherens from Muller cells
36
What forms the outer nuclear layer of the retina?
nuclei of rods and cones
37
What is the function of the outer plexiform (synaptic) layer?
processes photoreceptor cells
38
What does the inner nuclei layer of the retina contain?
nuclei from: * Muller cells * Amacrine cells * Bipolar cells * Horizontal cells * Interplexiform cells
39
What does the inner plexiform (synaptic) layer contain?
neuronal processes
40
What does the ganglion cell bodies layer of large multipolar neurons synapse with?
inner plexiform and axonal process of optic nerve
41
Where do optic nerve fibers (layer of the retina) originate from?
ganglion cells
42
The inner limiting membrane layer of the retina is the basal lamina of which cells?
Muller's cells
43
What is the function of photoreceptors?
phototransduction to convert light into neural activity
44
What is the function of interneurons?
process neural signals
45
What is the function of ganglion cells?
transmit visual signals to brain via optic nerve
46
What is the pigment called that rods contain?
rhodopsin
47
What is the pigment called that cones contain?
iodopsin
48
Each cone responds maximally to what colors?
red, green, blue
49
Where is the fovea (macula) located?
back of retina in line with visual axis, specialized to maximize visual acuity
50
What does the fovea (macula) NOT contain?
blood vessels
51
What structure of the eye only contains cones?
fovea (macula)
52
What is the origin of the optic nerve?
optic disk or papilla
53
**Which structure of the eye is known as the "blind spot"?**
optic disk or papilla
54
What is the anterior most border of the multilayered neural retina?
ora serrata
55
**Why is the optic disk the "blind spot" of the eye?**
There are no receptors where the optic nerve exits the eye
56
What is the function of the eyelid?
protect exposed surface of eye
57
What covers the outer surface of the eyelid?
thin skin
58
What covers the inner surface of the eyelid?
conjunctiva
59
What type of epithelium is the inner surface (conjunctiva) of the eyelid?
stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
60
What does the eyelid contain?
1) tarsal plate = fibroelastic CT 2) orbicularis muscle 3) large sebaceous Meibomium glands 4) small sebaceous Zeis glands 5) Moll sweat glands
61
What is #1? **HIGH YIELD**
Posterior chamber
62
What is #2? **HIGH YIELD**
Anterior chamber
63
What is #3? **HIGH YIELD**
Lens
64
What is #4? **HIGH YIELD**
Iris
65
What is #5? **HIGH YIELD**
Cornea
66
What is #6? **HIGH YIELD **
Sclera
67
What is #7 and #8 (same structure)? **HIGH YIELD **
Ciliary body
68
What is #9? **HIGH YIELD**
Artifact of Prep
69
What is #1? **HIGH YIELD**
Conjunctiva
70
What is #2? **HIGH YIELD**
Meibomium glands
71
What is #1? **HIGH YIELD**
Orbicularis oculi muscle
72
What is #2? **HIGH YIELD**
Conjunctiva
73
What is #3? **HIGH YIELD**
Meibomium glands
74
What is #4?
Moll gland
74
What is #5? **HIGH YIELD**
Zeis gland
75
What is #6?
Thin skin
76
1. The aqueous humor located in the anterior chamber is in contact with the cornea. Which of the following corneal structures makes up the inner surface? a. Bowman’s membrane b. Endothelium c. Descemet’s membrane d. Epithelium
b. Endothelium
77
2. A patient presents to the ER with retinal detachment, which is caused by the separation of the neural retina from which structure? a. Choroid b. Vitreous body c. Photoreceptor cells d. Retinal pigment epithelium
d. Retinal pigment epithelium
78
3. As a ray of light enters the vitreous body and passes through the retina, which of the following retinal layers will the light pass through first? a. Outer limiting membrane b. Inner nuclear layer c. Ganglion cell layer d. Rods and cones
c. Ganglion cell layer
79
4. Identify the layer: a. Outer limiting membrane b. Ganglion cell layer c. Inner plexiform layer d. Outer nuclear layer
d. Outer nuclear layer
80
5. Identify the space: a. Anterior chamber b. Posterior chamber c. Vitreous body d. Canal of Schlemm
b. Posterior chamber
81
**What is the function of the cornea?**
~75% of light focusing onto the retina
82
**What structure of the eye is the site of greatest visual acuity?**
fovea (macula)
83
**What is macular degeneration?**
* breakdown of fovea (macula) = loss of center view * peripheral view (vision) is still intact

Histology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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