Lecture 1 (chapters 1 & 2)

Question 1

Anatomic NomenClature

Answer 1

The terms used to name body components. Proper nomenclature listed in the Nomina Anatomica is often compromised by the continued use of slang, obsolete, and inventive terms.

Question 2

Anatomy

Answer 2

The science of body structure. It is essentially synonymous with morphology (study of form) and is divided into numerous subtypes.

Question 3

Ausculation

Answer 3

evaluation of body structures based on the noises that they produce. Ausculation is of limited value anatomically because most organs do not produce sounds.

Question 4

Biological macromolecules

Answer 4

Large organic molecules that are synthesized from smaller organic components by living organisms. The four main groups of them are proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

Question 5

Cell

Answer 5

A unit of living matter surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane and capable of reproduction in a environment devoid of other living things. There are dozens of different kinds of cells in the body.

Question 6

Diagnostic imaging

Answer 6

The various techniques used to demonstrate the relationships of body components without physically invading the body. These include several forms of radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and radionuclide imaging.

Question 7

Dissection

Answer 7

The process of methodically cutting the body apart in order to study its individual components and their relationships. Dissection was the first means of anatomic study and remains the best single technique today.

Question 8

Lumen

Answer 8

The hollow space within a tubular organ. Many mody organs have such a design including most of the organs of the visceral body systems as weel as the heart, vessels, and even the brain and spinal cord.

Question 9

Mucous membrane (mucosa)

Answer 9

The lining layer of the tubular organs of the visceral body systems. Mucous membranes contain epithelium and connective tissue (as do serous membranes) and typically include muscle tissue as well.

Question 10

Normal Anatomic Position (NAP)

Answer 10

a standardized body positioin used when comparing positional relationships of body components. In the NAP, the body is standing erect with the head and feet forward, the superior limbs hanging straight down at the sides of the trunk, the palms to the front, and the fingers straightened and directed downward.

Question 11

Organ

Answer 11

a body structure composed of at least two different tissues. Most organs contain several kinds of tissue and they vary from small, simple entities like capillaries to large complex structures such as the heart and brain.

Question 12

Organelle

Answer 12

A structural subcomponent of a cell composed of various combinations of biological macromolecules. Organells play strictly defined functional roles and include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria, as well as several others.

Question 13

Palpation

Answer 13

the identification and study of body parts by touch and feel. A significantly large percentage of body structures can be identified in this manner, but patience and practice are required.

Question 14

Parenchyma

Answer 14

The functional part of an organ (vs. the structural portion which is called the stroma.) In a gland, for example, the secretory cells form the parenchyma and the connective tissue framework that supports the secretory cells comprises the stroma.

Question 15

Plane

Answer 15

A flat surface virtually passed through the body for the purpose of comparing positional relationships. Virtical planes divide the body into right/left parts (sagittal planes) or into front/back parts (coronal planes). Transverse planes (horizontally oriented) divide the body into upper and lower portions.

Question 16

Principles of morphology

Answer 16

The structural design features of the body. They include tubulation (hollow-ness that continues from organ to organ), stratification (layering), zygomorphism (bilateral symmetry), metamerism (linear sequencing), and cavitation (space between organs).

Question 17

Serous Membrane (serosa)

Answer 17

The thin, transparent membrane formed of epithelium and connective tissue that lines the closed body cavities. Serous membranes are variously named pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum to distinguish those into wich lungs, heart, and abdominal organs are invaginated (repectively).

Question 18

System

Answer 18

A group of organs that fulfills a specific function. Depending on one’s organizational scheme, body organs are grouped into eight to twelve systems which are divided into two categories: visceral systems and somatic systems.

Question 19

Taxonomy

Answer 19

The science of classifying and naming plants and animals. The major taxa (categories) within the animal kingdom are phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. For mankind these are Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, and sapiens, respectively

Question 20

Tissue

Answer 20

A group of similar cells and their extracellular products. There are four basic tissues in the body (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue), and these are subdivided into numerous specific tissue types

Question 21

Viscus (plural=viscera)

Answer 21

Any organ that belongs to one of the visceral body systems. Such systems have a tubular design, a mucous membrane lining and one or more openings at the body surface

Question 22

Anatomy

Answer 22

Means to cut apart, Describes the major technique (dissection) used to study the body and its parts. It is synonymous with Morphology(study of form)

Question 23

Physiology

Answer 23

Concerned primarily with body funtion.

Question 24

Gross Anatomy

Answer 24

Body structures large enough to study without magnification

Question 25

Microsopic Anatomy

Answer 25

Structures requiring magnification up to about 100 times.

Question 26

Radiological Anatomy

Answer 26

Images of body structures using x-ray techniques

Question 27

Functional Anatomy

Answer 27

The interrelationships and mechanics of body parts.

Question 28

Systemic Anatomy

Answer 28

Anatomy of the body divided into its organ systems.

Question 29

Surface Anatomy

Answer 29

The form and markings of the surface of the body and the relationship of the surface features to deeper structures.

Question 30

Dissection

Answer 30

Simply opening the body and observing its structure. Is one of the most practical, least expensive, and most efficient tools of anatomical science. There is no better way to study most aspects of human gross anatomy than directly from a cadaver.

Question 31

Palpation

Answer 31

Involves the identification and study of body parts by touch and feel.

Question 32

Surgery

Answer 32

Involves the removal, rearrangement, and remodeling ofanatomic structures. It not only makes use of anatomical knowledge but contributes significantly to the anatomical knowledge pool. Surgeons are amont the best anatomists.

Question 33

Radiography

Answer 33

The science of using x-rays to produce photograph-like images (radiographs). It is painless and non-invasive, but x-rays have been shown to be carcinogenic (cancer producing).

Question 34

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 34

Uses powerful magnetic fields to energize (excite) the electrons in certain chemical components of the body. The energy given off by these electrons can be captured and displayed on cathode ray tubes. MRI is painless and non-invasive

Question 35

Utrasonography

Answer 35

Uses relatively low energy vibrations to image body parts. The resulting images are called sonograms. It is painless, noninvasive, and harmless.

Question 36

Injection/Maceration

Answer 36

injecting plastic resin into hollow organs and then immersing the structures in corrosive chemicals to dissolve away the tissues. Leave a plastic cast for subsequent study.

Question 37

Percussion

Answer 37

Variation of palpation involving tapping on the body surface and listening to the sounds.

Question 38

Ausculation

Answer 38

Invlolves listening to sounds that various body structures make (most of them, incidentally, do not make any sounds at all.

Question 39

Nomina Anatomica

Answer 39

This book is an official list of the several thousand anatomic structures which have been identified. The official (proper) anatomic names are listed in Latin but anatomists are free to translate those terms into any modern language.

Question 40

Naming criteria for Nomina Anatomica

Answer 40

1) Terms should be short and simble but should have inherent instructional and descriptive value. 2) Eponyms should not be used. 3) Given name should be used for onlyu one structure. 4)Differentiating adjectives shouold be opposites wherever possible. 5) Structures that are topographically related should have similar names.

Question 41

Animal Kingdom

Answer 41

Includes the living, multicellular organisms that are aerobic (require oxygen) and Heterotrophic (use carbon-based organic compounds for energy)

Question 42

Kingdom

Answer 42

Animalia- living, multicellular organimsms that are aerobic (require oxygen) and Heterotrophic (use carbon-based organic compounds for energy)

Question 43

Phylum

Answer 43

Chordata

Question 44

Class

Answer 44

Mammalia

Question 45

Order

Answer 45

Primates

Question 46

Family

Answer 46

Hominidae

Question 47

Genus

Answer 47

Homo

Question 48

Species

Answer 48

sapiens

Question 49

Chordata

Answer 49

Includes animals that developmentally possess a dorsal hollow neural tube, a notochord, and pharyngeal pouches.

Question 50

Dorsal hollow neural tube

Answer 50

becomes the definitive brain and spinal cord.

Question 51

Notochord

Answer 51

A stiffened rod of mesoderm below the spinal cord, which becomes the bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs.

Question 52

Pharyngeal pouches

Answer 52

differentiate into the tympanic membrane, palatine tonsils, thymus, and the parathyroid glands.

Question 53

Mammals

Answer 53

Vertebrates characterized anatomically by hair, mammary glands, three pairs of auditory ossicles, and most of them have four limbs.

Question 54

Primates

Answer 54

Have prehensile limbs and large brain mass/body mass ratios.

Question 55

Taxon

Answer 55

Each level of biologicall classification (phylum, class, order, etc.) Includes groups of related organisms which have common anatomical characteristics.

Question 56

6 Human Anatomic Characteristics

Answer 56

1) Brain size. 2) Bipedal posture/Locomotion. 3)Opposable thumbs. 4)Stereoscopic vision. 5)Vocal organ. 6)Crooked teeth. In addition there are other characteristics that set mankind apart. These include specific numbers of vertebrae, teeth, and the relative helplessness of neonates (newborn infants).

Question 57

Brain size

Answer 57

Humans have the largest brain mass to boddy mass ratio. Some have large brains but not when compared as a percentage of the overall size of animal. Also most surface area.

Question 58

Bipedal posture/locomotion.

Answer 58

With exception of kangaroos and wallabies, mankind is the only mammal that is bipedal in its primary mode of locomotion. Others can use bipedal but its not their primary mode of transportation

Question 59

Opposable thumbs

Answer 59

The fact that the thumb can be folded across the palm of the hand greatly increases the grasping ability of the human hand.

Question 60

Stereoscopic vision

Answer 60

The ability to direct both eyes at the same object allows depth perception. Some other mammals and some birds also have steroscopic vision

Question 61

Vocal Organ

Answer 61

Although many animals can vocalize to a limited extend, none but man have evolved a comples, articulate form of speech.j This involves intricate interactions of the larynx, tongue, oral cavity, teeth, and lips.

Question 62

Crooked teeth.

Answer 62

Very few human beings have perfect dentition (naturally). This is probably related to dietary changes over the last several thousand years which have resulted in shortening of the mandible and maxillae and crowding of the teeth.

Question 63

Neonate

Answer 63

Newborn infants

Question 64

Factors of morphological variation

Answer 64

The characteristics that distinguish one animal from another. These include species, sex, age, race, individual variations, and state of health.

Question 65

Ten Levels of Organization

Answer 65

Subatomic particles, Atoms, Inorganic compounds, Organic compounds, Biological macromolecules, Organelles, Cell, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organism

Question 66

Subatomic particles

Answer 66

Electrons, Protons, Neutrons

Question 67

Inorganic compounds

Answer 67

Simpliest form of chemical bonds. Do not have carbon in them

Question 68

Organic compounds

Answer 68

Are the building blocks of life. They have carbon and are more comples structure than in organic. The term organic refers to living organisms and the fact that these compounds are normally produced only by living things.

Question 69

Biological macromolecules.

Answer 69

Organic molecules are combined by dehydration synthesis reatctions to form these.

Question 70

4 types of biological macromolecules

Answer 70

Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids.

Question 71

Organelles

Answer 71

Are the subparts of cells. Can be described as supramolecular assemblies of biological macromolecules.

Question 72

Types of organells

Answer 72

Ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi comples, endoplasmic reticulum. Even the nucleus and the cell membrane can be considered to be organelles.

Question 73

Cell

Answer 73

A unit of living matter delineated by a semipermeable membrane and capable of reproduction in an environment devoid of other life. All lifing things are composed of cells and cell products.

Question 74

Tissue

Answer 74

Groups of cells and their products form tissues

Question 75

4 basic tissues

Answer 75

Muscle tissue, epithelial tissue (epithelium), Connective tissue, and Nervous tissue

Question 76

Muscle Tissue

Answer 76

Is composed of cells which are specialized for contraction

Question 77

3 sub types of muscle tissue

Answer 77

Cardiac muscle tissue, Skeletal muscle tissue, Smooth muscle tissue

Question 78

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 78

Major component of the heart and some of the large vessels near the heart

Question 79

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 79

Forms the contractile parts of the named skeletal muscles of the body

Question 80

Smooth Muscle tissue

Answer 80

is found within many of the organs of the body as well as the bases of hair follicles

Question 81

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

Answer 81

Covers the inner and outer surfaces of the body and forms the secretory portions of glands.

Question 82

Endocrine glands

Answer 82

Secrete directly into the bloodstream

Question 83

Exocrine glands

Answer 83

empty their secreation onto a free body surface

Question 84

Connective tissue

Answer 84

Is distinguished from other body tissues by the presence of large amounts of intercellular material called Matrix, and an amorphous glue termed ground substance.

Question 85

Sub categories of Connective tissue

Answer 85

Connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage, blood, adipose tissue(fat), and others(bone marrow, lymphatic tissue, and reticular connective tissue)

Question 86

Nervous tissue

Answer 86

Consist of cells called neurons that are specialed for the conduction of electrical impulses, and several kinds of supporting cells call neuroglia. *There are no sub types to Nervous tissue

Question 87

Sensory neurons

Answer 87

Carry impulses which are interpreted and correlated by other neurons in the brain. *carry to the brain

Question 88

Motor neurons

Answer 88

Sends impulses that control the activity of muscle tissue and glandular epithelium. *carry away from the brain

Question 89

Organ

Answer 89

Structure composed of two or more tissues. Includes a broad range of entities, from structures as comples as the brain to entities as simple as capillaries. **Most organs are composed of all four of the basic tissues, although one or two may predominate.

Question 90

Lumen

Answer 90

Central hollow space in organs, that may always or occasionally contian something else (air, ingesta, blood, urine.

Question 91

Parenchyma

Answer 91

The main functional components of an organ

Question 92

Stroma

Answer 92

The structural framework of an organ.

Question 93

Body Systems

Answer 93

Groups of organs with common functional goals

Question 94

5 visceral body systems

Answer 94

Digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, Male reproductive system, femal reproductive system

Question 95

3 things that distinguishes visceral systesm

Answer 95

1) tubular design 2)one or more openings at the body surface 3)Mucous membrane (mucosa) lining.

Question 96

Viscera

Answer 96

Organs belonging to the visceral body systems

Question 97

7 somatic body systems

Answer 97

Cardiovascular system, Nervous system, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Integumentary system, Lymphatic system, Endocrine system.

Question 98

Splanchnology

Answer 98

Includes the study of the visceral organs as well as those of the endocrine system.

Question 99

Divisions of the system

Answer 99

Some authors reduce the number of body systems by combining closely related ones. Muscular and skeletal system = musculoskeletal system. Urinary and reproductive systems = urogenital system. Lymphatic system is often considered to be a subdivison of the cardovascular system. Lowest # is 8

Question 100

5 basic principles of Morphology

Answer 100

Tubulation, Stratification, Zygomorphism, Metamerism, Cavitation

Question 101

Tubulation

Answer 101

The hollowness of organs within a system continues from organ to organ. (blood vessels, alimentary canal, urinary bladder.)

Question 102

Stratification

Answer 102

Distinct layering in many parts of the body (skin, intestinal wall, cornea of the eye.)

Question 103

Zygomorphism

Answer 103

Bilateral symmetry present in the body, left structure are identical to right structures. (eyes, ears, limbs, ribs)

Question 104

Metamerism

Answer 104

Longitudinal(linear) series of structures demonstrated by some parts of the body (vertebrae, ribs, intercostal muscles, superior and inferior limbs.)

Question 105

Cavitation

Answer 105

Refers to the fact that the head and trunk of the body are not solid structural masses. Head- cranial cavity, Thorax-Thoracic cavity, abdomen-abdominal cavity.

Question 106

Serious cavieties

Answer 106

potential spaces lined by serous membranes that surround the lungs (pleural cavities), heart (pericardail cavity), and abdominal organs (peritoneal cavity).

Question 107

Serous Membrane (serosa)

Answer 107

a paper thin structure with two layers: and epithelial lining and a delicate outer layer of connective tissue proper, that binds the epithelium to the adjacent structures. Serous membranes (two layers) should be differentiated from mucous membranes (three layers).