Osteology

Question 1

What are the 3 types of bone cells?

Answer 1

Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclast

Question 2

The realatively active cell aht secrete the fibers and the ground substance

Answer 2

Osteoblasts

Question 3

What does the fibers and ground substance form?

Answer 3

Osteoid

Question 4

Relatively sedentary cells that are entrapped in the extracellular matrix

Answer 4

Osteocytes

Question 5

Large, multinucleated cells that are active in bone reasbsorption.

Answer 5

Osteoclasts

Question 6

2 physicall types of bone tissue

Answer 6

Compact & spongy
Compact is “dense bone”
Spongy is “cancelous bone”

Question 7

The connective tissue proper sheath that envelopes the whole bone except where muscles, ligaments, retinacula, and joint capsules attach.

Answer 7

Periosteum

Question 8

The solid cortical bone tissue of nearly all bones surrounds a space termed the

Answer 8

Medullary cavity

Question 9

The Medullary cavity is lined with a thin sheet of connective tissue proper termed?

Answer 9

Endosteum

Question 10

Both the endosteum and periosteum are firmly attached to the adjacent bone tissue by thick collagenous strands termed

Answer 10

Perforating fibers

Question 11

3 physical functions of bones

Answer 11

1) Body shape and Posture
2) Protection
3) Locomotion

Question 12

2 Metabolic Functions of bones

Answer 12

1) Hemopoiesis (formation of RBC & WBC)
2) Fat depository
3) Calcium/Phosphorous storage

Question 13

How many bones in the human body

Answer 13

214

Question 14

How many bones in the head,

Answer 14

29

Question 15

How many vertebrae

Answer 15

26

Question 16

How many ribs

Answer 16

24

Question 17

How many bones in each superior limb

Answer 17

34

Question 18

How many bones in each inferior limb

Answer 18

33

Question 19

What are the 5 classifications of bones by shape

Answer 19

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

Question 20

How many long bones in the human boddy

Answer 20

88

Question 21

How many short bones in the human body

Answer 21

30 (16 Carpal & 14 Tarsal)

Question 22

What charaterizes Flat bones

Answer 22

Significantly reduced in one dimension

Question 23

WHat characterizes Irregular bones

Answer 23

Jutting process

Question 24

How many sesamoid bones?

Answer 24

10
2 in each thumb
2 in each big toe
and 2 patellaes

Question 25

A reduction in total bone mass, which weakns the skeleton and predisposes the patient to fractures involving minimal trauma

Answer 25

Osteoporosis

Question 26

An inflammation of bones involving the contiguous joints and may have traumatic infectious, neoplastic, or developmental implications as weel as degenerative ones

Answer 26

Osteoarthritits

Question 27

a developmental anomaly wherein the spinal cord is exposed due to failure of the left and right laminae of the vertebrae to complete closure of the vertebral arch

Answer 27

Spina bifida

Question 28

Too little growth hormone during childhood results in

Answer 28

Dwarfism, and too much causes Gigantism

Question 29

After skeletal maturity, excess growth hormone causes

Answer 29

acromegaly

Question 30

Vitamin D deficiency in children reduces the incorporation of calcium into growing bones and causes

Answer 30

Rickets

Question 31

In adults, low vitamin D produces softened bones for the same reason and is called

Answer 31

Osteomalacia

Question 32

Most bones begin their development embryologically as tiny hyaline cartilage precursors. These hyaline cartilage models are then converted to the definitive bones by a multistep proccess called?

Answer 32

Endochondral ossification

Question 33

what are the 4 steps to Endochondral ossification

Answer 33

1) hyaline cartilage model of the bone forms 2) Cartilage mineralizes to become calcified cartilage 3) Mineralized cartilage is reabsorbed by chondroclasts. 4) As cartilage is reabsorbed, cells differentiate into osteoblasts, secrete osteoid, and then bone salt precipitate into bone tissue

Question 34

Areas of hyaline cartilage which remain between enlarging centers of ossification are called

Answer 34

Epiphyseal cartilages

Question 35

Bone tissue formed within the periosteum is deposited on the outer surface of the cortex and allows GROWTH IN DIAMETER, is called

Answer 35

Intramembranous Ossification

Question 36

A break or crack in a bone is called a

Answer 36

Fracture

Question 37

Putting the broken endes back into proper alignment is called

Answer 37

Reducing ("setting") the fracture

Question 38

Adding casts, pins, screws, wires, plates to reduce movement to a minimum is called

Answer 38

Stablilization

Question 39

Fractures that require an exceptionally long time to heal are called

Answer 39

Delayed Unions

Question 40

Sometimes healing never occur and this develops

Answer 40

False Joints

Question 41

When bones are surgically fractured for the purpose of realignments it is called

Answer 41

Corrective osteotomies