Lecture 1 - Foundation 1 & 2

Question 1

What is a theory?

Answer 1

Approaches to understanding observed regularities.

Question 2

What is the Deductive Process?

Answer 2

Moving towards hypothesis testing, after which the principal is confirm, refuted or modified.

The hypotheses present in assertion about two or more concord that attempts to explain the relationship between them.

Question 3

What is Inductive process?

Answer 3

Data collection after which the data are analysed to see if any patterns emerge that suggest relationship

Question 4

Difference in Deductive and Inductive?

Answer 4

Deductive - is top down reasoning moving from general and know information

Inductive - bottom up reasoning. Involves basing generalisation on individual observation.

Question 5

What is Epistemology??

Answer 5

Is consideration of veracity of knowledge.

• is it acceptable knowledge
• distinguish between what is knowledge and what is mere opinion.

Question 6

Views on Epistemology??

Answer 6

positivism:

1. Science will reveal the truth
2. Only study objective events
3. Theory is used to generate testable questions or hypotheses

Interpretivism:

1. Empathy and context will reveal the truth
2. Concern with empathic understanding of human action ( hermeneutics)
3. Concerned with how people make sense of their context (phenomenology)

Question 7

What is Ontology?

Answer 7

Is concerned with the nature of the entities under study.

Can people be studied objectively?? OR Are people social constructions??

Question 8

Views on Ontology

Answer 8

Objectivism:

1. Social phenomena can be objectively studied
2. So social phenomena have an external reality

Constructionism:

1. Social phenomena are constantly changing
2. Social phenomena cannot be separated

Question 9

Difference between Ontology and Epistemology

Answer 9

Ontology - embodies understand what is

Epistemology - tries to understand what is means to know

Question 10

What is Quantitive? (Numbers)

Answer 10

Leans towards positivism and Objectivism

Question 11

What is Qualitative (words) ???

Answer 11

Leans towards Interpretivism and constructionism

Question 12

What is Variable

Answer 12

Attribute that has more than one state

Question 13

What is reliability?

Answer 13

Concerned about repeatability or replicability of results

Question 14

What is Validity?

Answer 14

Do the results have integrity?

Internal - do causal relationship have integrity?

External - do results generalise across contexts?

Question 15

What is Experimental design?

Answer 15

Variables are manipulated to see what effects results

Question 16

What is Cross - sectional design?

Answer 16

Administration of Survey at a given point in time

Question 17

What is Longitudinal research??

Answer 17

Survey or observation at several time intervals

Question 18

What is case study??

Answer 18

detail analysis of a single individual or specific group.

Question 19

Research Questions

Answer 19

1. Predict an outcome ( does y happen under circumstance a and b) ?
2. Explain causes and consequences (is y affected by x or is y, a consequence of x)?
3. Evaluate a phenomenon (does y exhibit the benefits that is it claimed to have)?
4. Describe a phenomenon ( what is y like or what forms does y assume)?
5. Develop good practice( how can we improve y)?
6. Compare ( do a and b differ in respect of x)?

Question 20

What is hypotheses??

Answer 20

Statement that predicts the outcome of study.

Question 21

What is Research Gap??

Answer 21

• phenomena that never been studied before
• perspective on a phenomenon that nerve been presented before
• methodological problem that has never been addressed.

Question 22

What is the Research ethics??

Answer 22

To protect research participants from:

• harm
• informed Consent
• privacy
• deception

Question 23

What is Concepts?

Answer 23

Labels give to phenomena in order to help what makes senses. E.g intelligence, power or jobs