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Danielle- MCM Test 1 > Lecture 1: Fund Of Biochem Rxns > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Fund Of Biochem Rxns Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

________ is an enzyme that balances molecules that affect the pH of blood

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

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2
Q

What 2 molecules are directly affected by carbonic anhydrase in the blood buffer equation?

A

Carbonate and carbon dioxide

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3
Q

Is the blood buffer reaction driven by mass action or is it a coupled reaction?

A

Mass action

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4
Q

______________ (enzyme class) transfer electrons from a donor to an acceptor

A

Oxidoreductases

  • Donor = reducing agent
  • Acceptor = oxidizing agent
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5
Q

________________ (enzyme class) transfer a functional group between molecules

A

Transferases

  • Ex. Of functional groups = amino, phosphate
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6
Q

_____________ (enzyme class) rearrange molecules

A

Isomerases

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7
Q

____________ (enzyme class) add or remove atoms to or from a double bond

A

Lyases

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8
Q

_____________ (enzyme class) from bonds with the hydrolysis of ATP

A

Ligases

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9
Q

_______________ (enzyme class) cleave bonds via the addition of water

A

Hydrolases

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10
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

An endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction so the first can occur

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11
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase is in what enzyme class?

A

Oxidoreductases

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12
Q

Nucleoside monophosphate is in what enzyme class?

A

Transferases

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13
Q

Chymotrypsn is in what enzyme class?

A

Hydrolases

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14
Q

Fumarase is in what enzyme class?

A

Lyases

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15
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is in what enzyme class?

A

Ligases

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16
Q

____________ are enzymes that have the same functions but come from different genes

A

Isozymes

  • Some other enzymes are like this such as troponin in cardiomyocytes
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17
Q

What does the y-intercept on a line weaver burk plot represent?

A

1/Vmax

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18
Q

What does the slope of a lineweaver burk plot represent?

A

Km/max

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19
Q

What does the x-intercept on a lineweaver burk plot represent?

A

-1/Km

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20
Q

Does a higher or lower Km mean the enzyme is speeding up somehow?

A

Lower

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21
Q

Does a higher or lower Km mean the enzyme function is slowing down?

A

Higher

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22
Q

Chymotrypsin is an example of what type of inhibitor?

A

Irreversible

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23
Q

What happens to Vmax and Km during irreversible inhibition?

A

Vmax decreases

Km unchanged

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24
Q

What happens to Vmax and Km during competitive inhibition?

A

Vmax unchanged

Km increased

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25
WHat happens to Vmax and Km in uncompetitive inhibiton?
Both decrease
26
What does an uncompetitive inhibitor bind to?
Enzyme-substrate complex only
27
What happens to the Vmax and Km during noncompetitive inhibition
Vmax decreases | Km is unchanged
28
What do noncompetitive inhibitors bind to?
Free and substrate-bound enzyme
29
What 3 things does the active site control for substrate binding?
Shape, pH and polarity
30
What is the optimal pH for pepsin and trypsin?
``` Pepsin = 2 Trypsin = 8 ```
31
What is an apoenzyme?
Enzyme without cofactor
32
What is a haloenzyme?
Cofactor bound + cofactor
33
Chymotrypsin is in what enzyme class?
Hydrolases
34
NMP kinase is in what enzyme class?
Transferases
35
In a redox reaction is the reducing agent/reductant the donor or acceptor?
Donor
36
In a redox reaction is an oxidizing agent/oxidant a donor or acceptor?
Acceptor
37
BOth beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are ketone bodies, which are produced by the liver under conditions of extended fasting. The two ketone bodies are easily intervoncerted depending upon the conditions present within the mito where they are synthesized. The conversion of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate occurs by what type of reaction?
A) oxidation
38
What 2 monomers make up lactose?
Glucose and galactose
39
What 2 monomers make up sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
40
____________ fats have more H's, are more caloric and unhealthy
Saturated
41
______________ fats have more double bonds, are hard to digest
Unsaturated fatty acids
42
_____________ (5 carbon unit) makes steroids
Isoprene ** steroids are cholesterol and cholesterol is made up of FAs
43
Name the nonpolar amino acids
Ala, Gly, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp
44
Name the uncharged polar AAs
Asn, Cys, Gln, Ser, Thr
45
Name the negative/acidic polar AAs
Asp, Glu
46
Name the positive/basic polar AAs
Arg, His
47
What are zwitterions?
AAs that have + and - charges at neutral pH
48
``` A 31 year old woman, G1, P0 presents to her doc with severe acne and is treated with isotretinoin. She later realizes she was 4 week pregnant. When the baby is born, he has a cleft palate and cardiac abnormalities. The drug used to treat this woman is derived from what? A) Folic acid B) Riboflavin C) Retinol D) 25-hydroxycholecalciferol E) Thiamine ```
C) Retinol
49
Excess vitamin ________ causes hepatic toxicity and arthralgias
Vitamin A
50
Excess vitamin ______ causes hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and patients appear dazed, loss of appetite and possible sarcoidosis
Vitamin D
51
``` An environmentalist attempted to live in a desolate forest for 6 months, but had to cut his experiment short when he bagan to suffer from bleeding gums, some teeth falling out, and red spots on his thighs and legs. This individual is suffering from an inability to properly synthesize which one of the following proteins? A) Myoglobin B) Hemoglobin C) Collagen D) Insulin E) Fibrilln ```
C) Collagen
52
Vitamin ______ deficiency is characterized by rickets, osteomalacia, and hypocalcemic tetany due to hypocalcemia
Vitamin D
53
What is osteomalacia?
The adult form of rickets
54
Vitamin ______ deficiency is characterized by nyctalopia, xerosis cutis, keratomalacia, bitot spots on conjunctive and xerophthalmia
A
55
What is nyctalopia?
Night blindness
56
What is xerosis cutis?
Dry, scaly skin
57
WHat is keratomalacia?
Corneal degeneration
58
WHat is xerophthalmia?
Dry eyes
59
Scurvy is characterized by a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin C
60
What is vitamin C an important Cofactor and without it would cause scurvy?
Lysyl hydroxylase
61
What is lysyl hydroxylase responsible for?
Collagen assembly
62
Petechiae, ecchymoses, spongy/bleeding gums and poor wound healing are all symptoms of what disease?
Scurvy
63
A 36 year old male has a malignant lymphoma involving lymph nodes in the para-aortic region and is treated with a chemotherapeutic agent which results in the loss of individual neoplasticism cells through fragmentation of individual cell nuclei and cytoplasm. This process is known as apoptosis. What in the cell membrane will move to the outer leaflet to signal apoptosis in the cell?
Phosphatidylserine
64
A 3 year old girl is brought to the physician because her parents have observed progressive, severe neurological deterioration (mental retardation, seizures, ataxia). Physical examination shows marked hepatosplenomegaly. Deficiency of what enzyme is responsible for the patient's presentation?
Acid sphingomyelinase | Neimann-pick disease
65
What disease is characterized by elevated cholesterol in RBC membrane leading to decreased fluidity so RBC lyse in the spleen
Spur cell anemia = hemolytic anemia
66
A 40 year old man arrived to the ER complaining of chest pain, shortness of breath and swelling of the legs. Echocardiography results showed evidence of CHF. The attending physician immediately started him on Digoxin. Which ion transporter/channel is the primary target of this drug?
Sodium/potassium ATPase - This secondarily effects the sodium/calcium exchanger

Danielle- MCM Test 1 (12 decks)

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