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ELM2 - infection & immunity > lecture 1 - intro to defensive pathways of immunity > Flashcards

lecture 1 - intro to defensive pathways of immunity Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Innate & Adaptive

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2
Q

Which type of immunity has the early response?

A

Innate immunity

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3
Q

Which type of immunity has the later response?

A

Adaptive

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4
Q

What type of receptor are used by the innate immune response?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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5
Q

What is recognised by pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune response?

A

Conserved pathogen associated molecules, which are typically found in a large array of microbes

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6
Q

Are physical barriers part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

A

Innate - early, frontline defence against pathogens

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7
Q

Which type of immune response has memory, and which has no memory?

A

Innate has no memory, adaptive has memory once activated

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8
Q

What type of receptors are used in the adaptive immune response?

A

Antigen-specific receptors

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9
Q

What do antigen-specific receptors recognise in adaptive immunity?

A

Specific recognition of variable molecules (antigens) specific to particular pathogens.

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10
Q

What are the 2 key cell types involved in adaptive immunity?

A

B-cells (B lymphocytes) and T-cells (T lymphocytes)

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11
Q

What are the exterior defences to infection?

A

lysozyme in secretions, sebaceous gland secretions, commensal organisms in gut and vagina, spermine in semen, skin, stomach acid, trachea cilia, mucus in mucus membranes

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12
Q

Where is lysozyme found?

A

In tears, nasal secretions and saliva

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13
Q

What is lysozyme, and what are its functions?

A

An enzyme found in tears, saliva and breast milk, that acts as an antimicrobial agent.

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14
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Immune response via soluble molecules in extracellular fluid - blood and tissue fluid.

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15
Q

What are the components of innate humoral immunity?

A

collectins, pentraxins, naturally occuring antibodies, complement

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16
Q

What are the components of adaptive humoral immunity?

A

Antibodies and antigens from antibodies

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17
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Immune response involving immune cells in blood and tissue.

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18
Q

What are the key innate immune cells in blood?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, platelets

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19
Q

What are the key innate immune cells in tissue?

A

dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages

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20
Q

What are the key adaptive immune cells in blood?

A

B cells and T cells

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21
Q

What are the key adaptive immune cells in the lymphnodes?

A

B cells, T cells

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22
Q

What are the effector cells of B cells?

A

Plasma cells

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23
Q

What are the effector cells of T cells?

A

activated T cells

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24
Q

Where are B cells and T cells found?

A

In blood and in the lymphnodes

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25
What cells of cellular immunity are involved in initiating the adaptive immune response?
Antigen presenting cells - Dendritic cells, etc.
26
What are the main innate effector cells in tissues?
Mast cells, macrophages
27
What cells are tissue-resident phagocytes (3)?
macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells
28
What receptors activate phagocytes to undergo phagocytosis?
pattern recognition receptors
29
What is the name for the substances released by macrophages when they are activated, which go on to further activate the immune response?
Chemical mediators
30
When are chemical mediators released by macrophages?
When their pattern recognition receptors are activated by conserved pathogen associated molecules
31
What are the 4 key types of chemical mediators released by macrophages?
cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators, histamine
32
What type of receptor are Toll-like receptors, and are the part of adaptive or innate immunity?
Pattern recognition receptors, involved in innate immunity
33
What do pattern recognition receptors, e.g. toll-like receptors recognise (2)?
PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (danger associated molecular patterns.
34
What does PAMP stand for?
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
35
What are PAMPs?
Common microbial molecular patterns that are recognised by pattern recognition receptors in innate immune cells.
36
What do macrophages do once activated?
phagocytosis of microbes, release of inflammatory cytokines
37
What white blood cell type releases cytokines for the inflammatory response?
macrophages
38
What response do cytokines drive?
inflammatory response
39
In what part of a cell do phagocytosed microbes get killed and involved in antigen presentation?
phagolysosome
40
What is a phagolysosome?
Lysosome within in a phagocyte that has a hostile environment to kill microbes
41
What factors make phagolysosomes deadly to phagocytosed microbes?
low pH, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, enzymes
42
What do mast cells release for acute inflammation?
Histamine
43
What antibody is released in response to an allergen?
IgE
44
What is the role of cytokines in acute inflammation?
Cause vasodilation which results in increased vascular permeability, resulting in swelling/oedema.
45
What is the purpose of increased expression of adhesion molecules in an acute inflammatory response?
causes leukocytes to move to edges of blood vessels to they can move through the endothelium at the site of infection.
46
What is the macroscopic presentation of extravasation of neutrophils in the acute inflammatory response?
Accumulation of pus
47
What is the result of cytokines acting on the hypothalamus in the acute phase response of inflammation?
Increased body temperature - fever
48
What are the clinical signs of the acute phase response of inflammation?
increased CRP and neutrophils in the blood, fever
49
Where do dendritic cells activate B- and T- lymphocytes?
In the lymphnodes
50
What do dendritic cells carry, to activate lymphocytes in the lymphnodes?
Antigen, which they present to the naïve lymphocytes
51
What do dendritic cells present antigen peptides to T cells on?
MHC - major histocompatibility complex
52
What receptor on T cells recognises MHC and peptide?
T cell receptors
53
What do B cell receptors recognise?
native antigen, presented by dendritic cells
54
How do B cells activate T cells?
They phagocytose native antigen, and then present it to T cells via MHC
55
What are the regions of an antibody?
Variable region, constant region
56
Is the antigen binding site in the variable or constant region of an antibody?
Variable - to detect specific features of the antigen
57
Where are antibodies expressed?
On the surface of B-cells, or are secreted
58
What part of antigens do antibodies bind to?
The epitope
59
What is the epitope of an antigen?
A specific region of an unprocessed antigen that binds to antibodies
60
What must antigen peptide epitopes bind to in order to be recognised by T-cell receptors?
MHC
61
What are the 2 main classes of T cells?
CD4 and CD8
62
What class of MHC do CD4 T cells recognise?
MHC Class II
63
What class of MHC do CD8 T cells recognise?
MHC class I
64
What are the classes of MHC?
class I and class II
65
What are the 5 classes of antibody?
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE)
66
Where does selection of T cells occur?
Thymus
67
Where does the selection of B cells occur?
Bone marrow
68
What is positive selection of lymphocytes?
The killing of any T cells that are unable to recognise MHC
69
What is negative selection of lymphocytes?
Removing cells that bind/recognise native antigen to prevent autoimmunity
70
What is the role of cytokines in T cell activation?
Aid in T cell differentiation, and thus function
71
What is the primary action of CD8 T cells?
cytotoxic T cells - kill infected cells
72
What class are ‘cytotoxic’ T cells?
CD8
73
What is the action of CD4 T cells?
Helper T cells - activate macrophages and B cells
74
What class are ‘helper’ T cells?
CD4
75
What do activated B cells differentiate into?
memory B cells, plasma cells

ELM2 - infection & immunity (22 decks)

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