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ELM2 - infection & immunity > lecture 3 - pyogenic gram-positive cocci > Flashcards

lecture 3 - pyogenic gram-positive cocci Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the full name of staph. a?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

What is the full name of strep p.?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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3
Q

What are the 2 bacteria that most commonly cause skin and soft tissue infections?

A

Staphylococcus aureus & streptococcus pyogenes

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4
Q

What classfication of bacteria are staph. aureus and strep. pyogenes?

A

pyogenic, gram-positive cocci

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5
Q

What does pyogenic mean?

A

Pus producing - purulent

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6
Q

What are the components of pus?

A

bacteria, neutrophils, fibrin

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7
Q

What is the inflammatory exudate in pyogenic gram-positive cocci infections?

A

Pus

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8
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Localised collection of pus in a fibrin-lined cavity

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9
Q

What is the arrangement of staph. aureus?

A

clusters

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10
Q

What is the arrangement of strep. pyogenes?

A

chains

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11
Q

Are strep and staph aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Facultative anaerobic - can grow either aerobically or anaerobically.

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12
Q

What does facultative anaerobic mean?

A

A bacteria than can grow aerobically or anaerobically.

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13
Q

Are staph. aureus infections typically localised or spreading?

A

localised - abscesses

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14
Q

Are strep. pyogenes infections typically localised or spreading?

A

spreading

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15
Q

Is staph. aureus or strep. pyogenes more antimicrobial resistant?

A

Staph. aureus

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16
Q

Is staph. aureus catalase negative or positive?

A

catalase positive

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17
Q

Is strep. pyogenes catalase negative or positive?

A

catalase negative

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18
Q

What does it mean if a bacteria is catalase positive?

A

It has the catalase enzyme, which converts H2O2 to O2

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19
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of skin and wound infections, and abscesses?

A

Staph. aureus

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20
Q

Where is staph. aureus typically carried non-infectiously?

A

The nose

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21
Q

What toxin does staph. aeureus have to kill neutrophils?

A

PVL - panton valentine leukocidin.

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22
Q

What is bacterial coagulase?

A

A protein that sits on the surface of bacteria that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

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23
Q

What is the function of bound bacterial coagulase?

A

Bound to the cell wall and converts fibrinogen to fibrin, causing clotting of the blood.

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24
Q

What protein/enzyme does S. aureus have that results in blood plasma clotting?

A

Coagulase

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25
What are the infections commonly caused by strep. pyogenes?
Pharyngitis, skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, sepsis, rheumatic fever (from Group A streps)
26
What are the post-infectious conditions caused by strep. pyogenes?
Rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis
27
Where is strep. pyogenes typically carried?
The pharynx/throat
28
What is the most important virulence factor of strep. pyogenes?
M protein
29
What feature of strep. pyogenes allows it to repel phagocytes?
M protein in the bacterial cell wall provides a negative charge which repels negatively charge phagocytes.
30
What are pyodermas?
purulent bacterial skin infections
31
What are the 4 types of pyodermas in order of increasing severity?
Impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles
32
What is the common name for impetigo?
school sores
33
What are the 2 forms of impetigo?
Non-bullous & bullous
34
What bacteria causes non-bullous impetigo?
Staph. aureus &/or strep. pyogenes
35
What age group is most likely to develop non-bullous impetigo?
Children
36
How does non-bullous impetigo present?
Red sores around the mouth and nose that dry to form golden coloured crusts.
37
What bacteria causes bullous impetigo?
Staph. aureus
38
What is the presentation of bullous impetigo?
Fluid filled vesicles (bullae) on the skin anywhere in the body
39
What is the age group most affected by bullous impetigo?
All ages are affected.
40
What is folliculitis?
Infection of hair follicles
41
What is the presentation of folliculitis?
Small papules around hair follicles that evolve into pustules.
42
What is the difference between papules & pustules in folliculitis?
Papules are hard, raised red lumps around follicles that evolve into pustules - small superficial abscesses.
43
What are the treatments for folliculitis?
Topical antimicrobials, followed by oral antimicrobials in serious or extensive cases.
44
What is the common name for furuncles?
Boils
45
What condition progresses into the formation of a furuncle?
Folliculitis
46
What is a furuncle?
Deeper infection of a hair follicle with pus, and local cellulitis surrounding the follicle.
47
What bacteria typically causes a furuncle?
Staph. aureus
48
What are the risk factors for developing a furuncle?
Diabetes, obesity, carriage of stap. aureus, immunosuppression
49
What are carbuncles?
Extensive infection of a group of follicles
50
Where are carbuncles typically found?
The neck, back, thighs
51
What bacteria typically causes carbuncles?
Staph. aureus
52
What is cellulitis?
Acute spreading of skin infection involving the dermis & hypodermis
53
What are the symptoms of cellulitis?
Little necrosis, oedema/swelling, ill-defined margins of red skin merging smoothly with adjacent skin, pain, heat, tenderness, fever, etc.
54
What are the complications of cellulitis?
Abscess, osteomyelitis, sepsis, necrotising fasciitis
55
What bacteria most commonly cause cellultis?
gram-positive cocci - staph. aureus & strep. pyogenes
56
What are the risk factors for cellulitis?
trauma, diabetes, obesity, age, immunosupression, vascular disease, pregnancy
57
What is erysipelas?
Superficial cellulitis with lymphatic involvement.
58
What are the symptoms of erysipelas?
bright red, well demarcated, hard, swollen lesion. accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, malaise
59
What is necrotizing fasciitis?
Rapid, spreading, destructive infection along the fascia
60
What is fascia?
Fibrous connective tissue between the skin and muscle
61
Why does necrotizing fasciitis have a high mortality?
It cause sepsis, which leads to multi-organ failure.
62
What bacteria commonly cause necrotizing fasciitis?
usually polymicrobial - often staph. aureus & strep. pyogenes
63
What are the typical treatments for pyodermas?
antimicrobials avoided unless advanced, topical antiseptics
64
What are the typical treatments for carbuncles?
surgical drainage, antimicrobials
65
How are advanced skin infection such as necrotising fasciitis and cellulitis initially treated?
Empiric therapy
66
What is empiric therapy in terms of antimicrobial drugs?
The early delivery of broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs, despite not yet having a diagnosis of the bacteria present, to help prevent rapid spread in acute infections.
67
What is the most commonly used antibiotic for Staph. aureus infections, and why?
Flucloxacillin, many strains are resistant to penicillin.
68
What is the antimicrobial used to treat MRSA (methicillin resistant stapholococcus aureus) infections?
Vancomycin
69
What is the antimicrobial most commonly used to treat strep. pyogenes infections?
penicillin

ELM2 - infection & immunity (22 decks)

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