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PVM > Lecture 1- Introduction to GI system of Horses > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Introduction to GI system of Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What prevents horses from vomiting

A

Sharp angle of esophagus into stomach and strong esophageal muscles

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2
Q

What organ secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines to breakdown food into starch, fiber, proteins and fats

A

Pancreas

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3
Q

Where is the primary site of enzymatic digestion

A

Stomach

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4
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

70 ft

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5
Q

What is broken down in the small intestine

A

Starch, proteins and fats

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6
Q

What enzyme is secreted from pancreas , enters the small intestines and breaks down starch into disaccharide

A

Alpha-amylase

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7
Q

Enzymes break disaccharides down to simple sugars which a re then

A

Absorbed through intestinal wall into capillary network and sent to body tissues for immediate use for energy or stored as glycogen

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8
Q

What is released from the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels and drives absorption of glucose

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Horses have no ____ so bile is continually secreted

A

Gall bladder

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10
Q

What is responsible for emulsifying fats and making it available for enzymatic degradation via lipases secreted from pancreas

A

Bile salts

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11
Q

Enzymatic degradation of fats via bile salts combine with vila acid to form my- cells which then….

A

Diffuse into intestinal lining, packaged with cholesterol and then expelled and taken up by lymphatic system via thoracic duct where lipids can be used as fuel or stored as fat

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12
Q

What breaks proteins to peptides in upper gut

A

Pepsin

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13
Q

Once pepsin converts proteins to peptides what happens

A

Amino acids are absorbed into blood capillaries and carried to tissues where they are used to build proteins

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14
Q

What portion of the gut is responsible for digestion of fiber

A

Hind gut- cecum and large intestines

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15
Q

What is the end product of microbial break down and fermentation

A

Volatile fatty acids (VFA’s)

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of converting glucose in hindgut

A

VFA—> propionate—>glucose production in liver

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17
Q

What happens to the proteins that aren’t absorbed in foregut and make it to hindgut

A

Don’t absorb amino acids—> will produce nitrogen and carbon that is excreted as ammonia

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18
Q

What is involved in the completion of digestion

A

Muscular contractions move ingesta and reabsorption of water to result in dry fecal balls

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19
Q

Horses are ____fermenters

A

Hindgut

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20
Q

What is the pathway from mouth to rectum

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Duodenum (R)
  5. Jejunum
  6. Ileum
  7. Cecum (R)
  8. Right ventral colon
  9. Sternal flexors
  10. Left ventral colon
  11. Pelvic flexors
  12. Left dorsal colon flexors
  13. Diaphragmatic flexors
  14. Right dorsal colon
  15. Transverse colon
  16. Descending/small colon
  17. Rectum/anus
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21
Q

Where are the bands of Taenia

A

Large intestine

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22
Q

What band is located in ileum

A

Antimesenteric band- can’t reach on palpation

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23
Q

How many bands does the cecum have

A

4
Dorsal to ileum
Lateral to right ventral colon
Ventral/medial

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24
Q

How many bands does the ventral colon have

A

4

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25
Q

How many bands does the pelvic flexure have

A

1

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26
Q

How many bands does the dorsal colon have

A

3

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27
Q

How many bands does the small colon have

A

2

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28
Q

What are rugae

A

Series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ, most commonly refers to gastric rugae of the internal surface of the stomach

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29
Q

What are haustra

A

Refer to the small segmented pouches of bowel separated by haustral folds

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30
Q

How are haustra formed

A

Circumferential contraction of the inner muscular layer of the colon

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31
Q

The outer longitudinal muscular layer of the colon is organized into 3 bands which run from the cecum to the rectum. What are the 3 bands called

A

Taeniae coli

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32
Q

What takes up a majority of the right side of GI tract in horse

A

Cecum

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33
Q

What takes up majority of left abdominal region of horse

A

Spleen

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34
Q

What side is the duodenum on

A

Right

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35
Q

What is the function of the stomach

A

Enzymatic breakdown

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36
Q

What is the function of the small intestines

A

Digests simple carbs and readily accessible proteins

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37
Q

What is the function of the cecum

A

Some carbs and proteins escape small intestine and move onto hindgut for fermentation

Where CELLULOSE (fiber) is broken down
Creates and absorbs VFA’s

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38
Q

What is the function of the colon

A

Reabsorption of water, some further fermentation

39
Q

What is the function of the descending or small colon

A

Forms fecal balls

40
Q

Where does microbial fermentation occur

A

Cecum and colon
Allows horses to break down cellulose (fiber)

41
Q

What does fermentation in the hindgut produce

A

CO2, methane, VFA’s

42
Q

What is propionate used for

A

Glucose production

43
Q

What is acetate converted to and what is it used for

A

Converted to acetyl CoA and used for immediate energy or fat synthesis

44
Q

What is butyrate converted to

A

Acetyl CoA

45
Q

Hindgut= _____ and foregut = _____ (types of digestion)

A

Hindgut=Microbial fermentation
Foregut=enzymatic digestion

46
Q

What are some disadvantages in horses hindgut fermentation compared to ruminants foregut fermentation

A

Less efficient, less nutrients entering hindgut so promotes less microbial growth, passage through hindgut is more rapid so fermentation less efficient than in rumen, protein present in microbes is not digestible thus lost

47
Q

What does the microbiota consist of

A

Bacteria, fungi and Protozoa

48
Q

what bacteria are present in microbiota

A

Phylum, fermicutes, bacteriodetes, proteobacteria, verrucomicrobia, actinobacteria and spirochaetes

49
Q

What is the primary bacteria in the microbiota

A

Phylum fermicutes (46-70%)

50
Q

How does the microbiota differ in a diarrheic horse vs healthy horse

A

Diarrheic horses have more fusobacteria and less clostridiales

51
Q

Lactobaccillus is often used in ____ for horses

A

Probiotics

52
Q

What is colic

A

Any abdominal pain

53
Q

What are some clinical signs of colic

A

Sweating, pawing, tachycardia, tachypnea, up and down, rolling, stretching out, shifting, biting or looking at sides, kicking at abdomen

54
Q

What divides the stomach into upper squamous and lower glandular

A

Margo Plicatus

55
Q

what equine gastric ulcer syndrome is associated with management in horses with otherwise normal GI tracts

A

Primary equine squamous gastric disease

56
Q

What equine gastric ulcer syndrome occurs secondary to delayed gastric emptying because of other disease states

A

Secondary squamous gastric disease

57
Q

What is Grade=0 for ESGD

A

Normal

58
Q

What is Grade=1 in ESGD

A

Hyperkeratosis

59
Q

What is Grade=2 in ESGD

A

Small, single, or multifocal lesions

60
Q

What is grade 3 ESGD

A

Large single or extensive superficial lesions

61
Q

What is grade 4 ESGD

A

Extensive lesions with areas of apparent deep ulceration

62
Q

What is the grading system for EGGD

A

No grading system, describe anatomical location, distribution and appearance

63
Q

What is enteritis

A

Inflammatory disease of small intestine

Thickened >3mm

64
Q

What are symptoms of acute:proximal enteritis

A

Fever, reflux, leukocytosis, colic that resolves with decompression

65
Q

What are some symptoms of chronic/insidious enteritis

A

Inflammatory bowel syndromes, neoplasia, weight loss, panhypoproteinemia

66
Q

What are some simple obstructive lesions of small intestines

A

Ileal impactions, adhesions and ascardiasis

67
Q

What can cause ileal impactions

A

Feeding costal Bermuda hay (hydrophobic) and tapeworm infestation (anoplocephala)

68
Q

What age group is ascardiasisa common in

A

4-24 months

69
Q

What are some clinical signs of small intestinal strangulations

A

Severe pain, serosanguinous belly tap

70
Q

What are some causes of small intestinal strangulations

A

Strangulating lipoma, epiploic foramen entrapment, intussusception, inguinal hernia

71
Q

Where do strangulating lipomas form in small intestine

A

Stalks in mesentery

72
Q

What is an epiploic foramen entrapment

A

Potential space: liver, caudal vena cava and portal vein

Nothing else is supposed to be there but small intestine can end up there

73
Q

What is the most common intussusception

A

Ileocecal

74
Q

What is a commonly implicated cause of intussusception

A

Tapeworms

75
Q

What are some examples of large colon impactions

A

Pelvic flexure, sand impactions enteroliths, and Cecal impactions

76
Q

Where is the most common large colon impaction

A

Pelvic flexure

77
Q

Where do sand impactions accumulate

A

Ventral colon, rightdorsal colon, pelvic flexure

78
Q

California alfalfa is associated with what large colon impaction

A

Enteroliths

79
Q

Where are enteroliths most commonly found

A

Right dorsal colon/transverse colon

80
Q

What large colon impaction is commonly associated with orthopedic surgical disease

A

Cecal impaction from stall rest and laying down a lot

81
Q

What is a nephrosplenic entrapment

A

Left dorsal displacement
NSE of the colon hangs between the kidney and spleen

82
Q

What is colitis

A

Inflammatory disease of large colon

83
Q

What are some common etiologies of colitis

A

Infectious (salmonella, clostridium, coronavirus, Potomac horse fever

Verminous- encysted small strongyles
Caustic- sand colitis

84
Q

What are some symptoms of colon volvulus

A

Severe, unrelenting abdominal pain, gross distention of abdomen

85
Q

Where are colon volvulus normally located

A

Mesenteric attachment of the colon to the dorsal body wall involving the cecum and entire large colon

Twist at sternal/diaphragmatic flexure

86
Q

What is a common impaction of the descending small colon

A

Fecoliths (salmonellosis)

Foals with meconioum impactions

87
Q

What is peritonitis

A

Inflammation of peritoneum

88
Q

What are some causes of peritonitis

A

Recent abdominal surgery, cyathostomiasis (small strongyles), IBD, internal abscess

89
Q

What is the result of peritonitis

A

Ileus- intestines not moving can’t get gas out can result in bloat and death

90
Q

Tapeworms and colic

A

Ileocecal intussusception, cecocolic intussusception, typhilitis

91
Q

Ascarids and colic

A

Small intestinal impaction

92
Q

Large strongyles and colic

A

Thromoembolic colic, cranial mesenteric aneurysm

93
Q

Small strongyles and colic

A

Encysted cytathostomes

94
Q

What does lawsonia intracellularis cause

A

Proliferative enteropathy

PVM (8 decks)

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