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PVM > Lecture 4- Large Animal Euthanasia > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Large Animal Euthanasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the musts of euthanasia

A

Must relieve fear and apprehension, must induce unconsciousness as rapidly as possible, ensuring minimum pain and suffering

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2
Q

What is the order of events in euthanasia

A
  1. Sedation/tranquilization
  2. Unconsciousness
  3. Cardiorespiratory arrest
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3
Q

What are the modes of action for euthanasia

A

Hypoxemia, depression of neurons vital for life, physical damage to brain tissue

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4
Q

What are reasons for large animal euthanasia

A

Food production, pain and suffering, intractable conditions/situations, chronic incurable conditions

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5
Q

How to determine when it is time

A

Chronic and incurable
Poor prognosis
Animal hazard to self or handler
Constant pain relieving medications for rest of life

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6
Q

What are approved methods of euthanasia

A

Injectable barbiturates
Captive bolt
Gunshot
Potassium chloride while anesthetized

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7
Q

How do injectable barbiturates work

A

Cause CNS depression
Death occurs from respiratory arrest and myocardial hypoxia

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8
Q

What are some examples of injectable barbiturates for euthanasia and what is the dose

A

Pentobarbital 100mL IV
Thiopental 20-30mg/kg

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9
Q

When is a captive bolt used

A

When tissues must be free of drug residues

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10
Q

How does captive bolt euthanasia work

A

Produces unconsciousness followed by exsanguination

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11
Q

What are the three types of captive bolts

A

Penetrating, non-penetrating, free bolt

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12
Q

How does a penetrating captive bolt work

A

Penetrates skull, catastrophically damages the cerebrum and part of cerebellum

Causes destruction of vital centers of brain, increase ICP and animal loses consciousness

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13
Q

What is the most effective captive bolt mechanism

A

Penetrating captive bolt- destroys brain matter while also leaving brain stem intact thus ensuring heart continues to pump during exsanguination

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14
Q

What is a disadvantage of penetrating captive bolt

A

Brain matter is allowed to enter the blood stream and possibly contaminating the other tissue

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15
Q

What causes unconsciousness in non-penetrating captive bolt

A

Bolt strikes forehead with great force causing concussion

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16
Q

What are the pro’s and con’s of the non-penetrating captive bolt

A

Pro- less likely to spread brain matter into blood stream, concerns about mad cow disease (BSE)

Con- less reliable at causing immediate and permanent unconsciousness

17
Q

When is a free bolt used

A

Emergency, in the field euthanasia of large farm animals that can’t be restrained

18
Q

Free bolt is only capable of firing when

A

Firmly pressed against a surface- typically animals forehead

19
Q

Where should captive bolt be placed on head and what structures do we need to avoid

A

Placed on midline of forehead, 1/2 inch above eye level. Want to go through thinnest part of frontal sinus

20
Q

What caliber is used in gunshot

A

32

21
Q

Where should gunshot NOT be placed on horse

A

Between the eyes

22
Q

How much potassium chloride is injected for euthanasia

A

50-100mL

23
Q

What is the mechanism of death caused by potassium chloride

A

Cardiac arrest and tissue hypoxia

24
Q

When is potassium chloride approved to be used

A

Unconscious or anesthetized

25
Q

What are unapproved methods of euthanasia

A

Any method that does not induce unconsciousness before cardiorespiratory arrest

Ex: electrocution, exsanguination, air embolism, hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen inhalation, curariform drugs, potassium chloride

26
Q

What are some hazards to be considered when euthanizing a large animal

A

Paddling of legs, poorly controlled kicking, muscle fasciculation

27
Q

Prior to leaving death must be ensured by…

A

Absence of heart beat, respiration and corneal reflex

Create a pneumothorax

28
Q

What are disposal options

A

Bury on property if legal and have correct equipment or haul away

29
Q

Do not euthanize without ______ consent/notification

A

Insurance company

30
Q

What are common restrictions for insurance policies on euthanasia

A

Will not permit euthanasia for loss of value or use, horse must be suffering d

31
Q

Is a necropsy required for insurance companies

A

Yes, but be given the opportunity to examine horse or could compromise claim

PVM (8 decks)

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