Lecture 1 & Lecture 2 - Brainstem And Spine

Question 1

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 1

• Provide neurons with nutrients from blood
• maintain extra cellular ion balance
• send signals to neurons and other glia

Question 2

How can you tell something is an astrocyte by looking at it?

Answer 2

It has a star shape and is spherical

Question 3

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 3

Form myelin around axons

Question 4

White matter is made of myelinated ____ and glia

Answer 4

Axons

Question 5

Grey matter is made of neuron ____ _____

Answer 5

Cell bodies

Question 6

What are the 4 roles of CSF?

Answer 6

• protection
• buoyancy
• nutrition
• waste removal

Question 7

Is white matter on the inside or outside for the spinal cord?

Answer 7

Outside

Question 8

Is grey matter on the inside or outside for the spinal cord?

Answer 8

Inside

Question 9

What are the 5 segments of the spinal cord?

Answer 9

• cervical
• thoracic
• lumbar
• sacral
• coccygeal

Question 10

How many vertebrae are in each section of the spine?

Answer 10

• C1-C8
• T1-T12
• L1-L5
• S1-S5
• Coc 1

Question 11

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 11

Lumbar

Question 12

What parts of the body does cervical innervate?

Answer 12

Back of the head, upper back, arms

Question 13

What does the thoracic innervate?

Answer 13

Mid body and a small sliver of the arms

Question 14

What does lumbar innervate?

Answer 14

Legs minus hamstrings and parts of the calves

Question 15

What does sacral innervate?

Answer 15

Pee pee, ass and hamstrings

Question 16

What part of the spinal cord has the most white matter?

Answer 16

Cervical

Question 17

Where is there more gray matter?

Answer 17

Where more neural control is needed

Question 18

What is the order of the major divisions of the brainstem?

Answer 18

Midbrain, pons, medulla, spinal cord
My pussy makes sinners cry

Question 19

Where are the pyramids?

Answer 19

Medulla

Question 20

What structures are in the midbrain?

Answer 20

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

Question 21

What structures are in the pons?

Answer 21

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 22

What structures are in the medulla?

Answer 22

Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus?

Question 23

What is the order of the ascending tract?

Answer 23

1. Primary neuron: cell in dorsal root ganglion, synapses in dorsal column nucleus: gracile for lower body and cuneate for upper
2. Secondary neuron (gracile or cuneate) which synapses to thalamus and decussates
3. Tertiary neuron: cell body in thalamus, synapses to cortex

Question 24

Is the cuneate or gracile nucleus more medial?

Answer 24

Gracile, its more dorsal as well

Question 25

Where can you see the dorsal column system nuclei?

Answer 25

Lower medulla

Question 26

What can you see in the upper medulla?

Answer 26

- fourth ventricle - medial lemniscus - inferior olive - pyramids

Question 27

What’s right above the upper medulla?

Answer 27

Pons

Question 28

What is the third neuron in the ascending tract?

Answer 28

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus?

Question 29

Where does the ascending tract go to?

Answer 29

S1

Question 30

What is the order of the corticospinal tract?

Answer 30

1. Primary neuron: cell body in motor cortex, synapses in spinal cord 2. Secondary neuron: cell body in spinal cord, synapses on muscle

Question 31

Where is the primary neuron in corticospinal tract?

Answer 31

M1 (motor cortex)

Question 32

Where does the primary neuron travel next in the corticospinal tract?

Answer 32

Corona radiate then internal capsule

Question 33

Where is the axon of the primary neuron of the corticospinal tract in the midbrain?

Answer 33

In cerebral peduncles of the midbrain

Question 34

Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the pons?

Answer 34

Ventral part

Question 35

Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the upper medulla?

Answer 35

The pyramids

Question 36

Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the lower medulla?

Answer 36

The pyramids

Question 37

Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the lower medulla?

Answer 37

The pyramid but decussating

Question 38

Where is the axon of the primary neuron in the ventral horn?

Answer 38

The lateral corticospinal tract and synapses in the ventral horn to get to the alpha motor neurons

Question 39

Where is dopamine produced?

Answer 39

SN and VTA both located in the midbrain

Question 40

Where does dopamine project to?

Answer 40

Striatum and frontal lobe which is important in motor control and cognition

Question 41

Where is norepinephrine produced?

Answer 41

Locus coeruleus in the pons

Question 42

Where does NE project to?

Answer 42

Throughout the brain and works in arousal stress attention and memory

Question 43

Where is serotonin produced?

Answer 43

The raphe nuclei goes down the brainstem

Question 44

Where does serotonin project to?

Answer 44

Throughout the brain and implicated in memory mood and pain suppression