Lecture 16, 17, & 18 - Language, Cognitive Control, Decisions

Question 1

How might have language begun?

Answer 1

Gestures

Question 2

How are mirror neurons in the region that control hands and mouth movements relate to language?

Answer 2

These areas are analogous to Broca’s area in humans

Question 3

Language is ____ lateralized

Answer 3

Left

Question 4

Talk about vervet communication

Answer 4

They dont call when they’re alone, and theyre more likely to call something out when theyre with kin

Question 5

What are the structures of human language? (Not in the brain)

Answer 5

• phoneme: smallest unit of sound that makes a difference to meaning
• morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit (words)
• semantics: meaning of words
• syntax: grammar

Question 6

What is the mental lexicon?

Answer 6

The storehouse of a persons vocab and knowledge of words
Includes:
- semantics
- syntax
- visual
- sound
- context

Question 7

Are language areas the same for people around the world?

Answer 7

No theyre semi different

Question 8

What brain regions are involved in language?

Answer 8

• superior temporal gyrus
• wernicke’s area
• supramarginal gyrus
• Broca’s area

Question 9

What is the superior temporal gyrus involved in?

Answer 9

Sound & phonetics

Question 10

What is Wernicke’s area involved in?

Answer 10

Sensory integration & comprehension

Question 11

What is the supramarginal gyrus involved in?

Answer 11

Sensory integration, phonological processing

Question 12

What is Broca’s area involved in?

Answer 12

Language production

Question 13

Where is the superior temporal gyrus?

Answer 13

As described lol, right below the Sylvian fissure

Question 14

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 14

Right above and anterior to the superior temporal gyrus

Question 15

Where is Wernicke’s area?

Answer 15

Posterior to the superior temporal gyrus

Question 16

Where is the supramarginal gyrus?

Answer 16

Above Wernicke’s area

Question 17

Is language variable across people?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Does language lateralization emerge early on or later in development?

Answer 18

Early on

Question 19

Are there critical periods for second language learning? If so how does it manifest

Answer 19

Yes, it manifests in the languages overlapping in the brain if you learned a second language early in life and it doesnt overlap if you learned it in adulthood

Question 20

Can damage to regions beside Wernicke’s lead to impaired comprehension?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

What leads to conduction aphasia (ability to repeat simple phrases while still having comprehension and expression in tact)?

Answer 21

Damage to the left arcuate fasciculus (connection between wernicke’s and brocas)

Question 22

How fast does the prefrontal cortex develop?

Answer 22

Slowly

Question 23

The control network evolved and develops ____

Answer 23

Slowly

Question 24

What are the hubs of the control network?

Answer 24

MFG - middle frontal gyrus
IFG - inferior frontal gyrus
IPS - intraparietal sulcus
DACC - dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

Question 25

What are the two parts of the MFG?

Answer 25

DLPFC VLPFC

Question 26

What is the DLPFC in charge of?

Answer 26

Maintenance

Question 27

What is the VLPFC in charge of?

Answer 27

Manipulation

Question 28

What is the IFG in charge of?

Answer 28

Response inhibition

Question 29

What is the dACC in charge of?

Answer 29

Conflict processing, monitoring, decision making

Question 30

What is the IPS in charge of?

Answer 30

Space, number

Question 31

As you go more medial in the brain, processes become more ___

Answer 31

Internal

Question 32

As you go more external in the brain, processes become more ___

Answer 32

External

Question 33

As you go more posterior in the brain, processes become more ____

Answer 33

Concrete

Question 34

As you go more anterior in the brain, processes become more ___

Answer 34

Abstract

Question 35

What is working memory?

Answer 35

Mental workspace, interface of current info and stored knowledge

Question 36

How does working memory relate to maintenance?

Answer 36

Holding goal-relevant information in mind

Question 37

how does working memory relate to manipulation?

Answer 37

Working with goal relevant information

Question 38

Is working memory involved in tasks?

Answer 38

Yes, allows you to remember sequences of objects positions, digits, faces, scenes, flavors, and repeat sequences in forward or reverse order, and determine whether an item was in the sequence or whether an item was presented “n” trails ago

Question 39

Prefrontal neurons are ___ selective

Answer 39

Task

Question 40

When are prefrontal neurons active?

Answer 40

During delays

Question 41

What does the “what” cell do?

Answer 41

Activates once stimulus leaves and holds what the object was

Question 42

What does the “where” cell do?

Answer 42

Fires more during the second stimulus and after the second delay, remembers where an object was

Question 43

What does the PFC interact with to support WM?

Answer 43

Perceptual areas

Question 44

What peaks first when seeing faces?

Answer 44

FFA

Question 45

What peaks second after seeing faces?

Answer 45

PFC

Question 46

What is believed to cause the delay between PFC and FFA?

Answer 46

FFA communicates to PFC to activate working memory which is why PFC peaks higher than FFA during delay

Question 47

How does the PFC influence visual areas in working memory tasks? (In this case told to remember scenes or remember faces or just passively view)

Answer 47

When told to remember faces, the right PPA is inhibited, when told to remember places the right FFA is inhibited

Question 48

How does inhibition line up with cognitive control?

Answer 48

The ability to stop yourself form doing something not aligned with your goals

Question 49

What is the stop signal task?

Answer 49

You are cued to do something but you have to react to stop yourself if the stop signal is activated before you do the thing

Question 50

Describe the Go No Go task?

Answer 50

Press button when you see a dog Do not press the button when you see a cat

Question 51

Describe the stroop task

Answer 51

It’ll tell you to say the color but it’ll be words with mismatched colored (ex. The word will say red and it’ll be the color blue)

Question 52

Which area of the cortex is involved in inhibition?

Answer 52

Right inferior frontal

Question 53

What is flexibility in cognitive control?

Answer 53

The ability to switch between goals

Question 54

Describe A not B error

Answer 54

Showing a baby initially that something is underneath something, let the baby find it, then switch the hole, the baby will usually look at the first hole

Question 55

How do rhesus monkeys react to A not B experiment with a DLPFC lesion?

Answer 55

They do the same thing as babies and fuck up the second time

Question 56

How do rhesus monkeys react to A not B experiment with a parietal lesion?

Answer 56

They perform normal

Question 57

What does A not B error reflect?

Answer 57

Issues task switching

Question 58

What are some symptoms of lateral frontal damage?

Answer 58

- perseveration - problems with goal directed behaviors - utilization behavior

Question 59

What’s a positive thing lateral pre frontal damage associated with?

Answer 59

Better insight

Question 60

What are some factors that go into decisions?

Answer 60

Cost, ambiguity, risk, delay, quantity, commodity

Question 61

What is temporal discounting

Answer 61

Getting more money in time than you would right now

Question 62

What parts of the brain are correlated with subjective value?

Answer 62

ACC - anterior cingulate cortex OFC - orbitofrontal cortex VTA/SN NAcc - nucleus accumbens

Question 63

What area of the brain had a large increase in activity when shown snacks that the participant really enjoyed?

Answer 63

VMPFC

Question 64

What area of the prefrontal cortex are involved in probability payoff and cost?

Answer 64

ACC

Question 65

What are the parts of the limbic system involved in decision making?

Answer 65

Orbitofrontal cortex or vmPFC

Question 66

What are the parts of the control network that are involved in decision making?

Answer 66

DLPFC & ACC

Question 67

What does the limbic network do for the decision making process?

Answer 67

Codes subjective value (what do i want)

Question 68

What does the control network do in terms of decision making?

Answer 68

DLPFC - exerts control over actions ACC - integrates decision variables

Question 69

What happens to the amount of APs in the DA neurons in the VTA when given an award?

Answer 69

Increase in APs

Question 70

What happens to the DA neurons in the VTA when a reward is predicted?

Answer 70

Increase in APs

Question 71

What happens to the APs of DA neurons in the VTA when a reward is predicted but a reward doesnt come?

Answer 71

The APs go up during the prediction then are suppressed when its recognized a prediction error occurred

Question 72

When does risk taking peak in the world?

Answer 72

In adolescence

Question 73

Do reward regions develop faster or slower than the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 73

Faster

Question 74

What area of the brain is ESPECIALLY sensitive to reward in adolescents?

Answer 74

Nucleus accumbens

Question 75

What area in the brain is highly sensitive to negative emotions?

Answer 75

Amygdala

Question 76

What are the steps of using the mental lexicon?

Answer 76

1. Accessing words from mental lexicon, match the input to stored representation in the mental lexicon 2. Selecting most appropriate words from lexicon to convey meaning in context, involves factors such as word frequency, semantic, relatedness, and syntactic constraints 3. Integrating selected words into a larger semantic and syntactic structure to build meaning, involves creating mental representations of the relationships between words and combining them into larger phrases and sentences