Lecture 10, 11, & 12 - Senses, Object Recognition, Attention

Question 1

What are the 4 types of ion channels?

Answer 1

• voltage-gated
• ligand-gated extracellular
• ligand gated intracellular

Question 2

What kind of gated channels does vision use?

Answer 2

Intracellular ligand gated

Question 3

What gate of ion channels does audition use?

Answer 3

Stress activated channels

Question 4

What kind of ion channels does taste use?

Answer 4

Extracellular ligand gated

Question 5

What kind of ion channels does olfaction use?

Answer 5

Extracellular ligand gated

Question 6

What kind of ion channels are used in touch?

Answer 6

Stress activated channels

Question 7

What kind of ion channels are in pain sensors?

Answer 7

Extracellular ligand gated channels

Question 8

Describe the path of vision to the visual cortex

Answer 8

• right visual field crosses over to the left after the optic chiasm, vise versa for left visual field
• goes to the LGN and has connections to the PVN and SC
• radiates all the way from LGN to V1

Question 9

Describe the path to the primary cortex of audition

Answer 9

• auditory nerve on one side receives info
• info goes to dorsal cochlear nucleus (projection after DCN crosses over) and then Superior olivary nucleus (crosses over to get to SON), both have crossed over at this point to the same opposite side
• projections reach inferior colliculi (one on each side) which then projects upwards, there are now projections going up from both sides
• the projections reach the MGN in the thalamus which then project to both A1s, one on each side

Question 10

How can you tell where something is around you? Note: not counting above or below

Answer 10

Temporal timing between sounds

Question 11

How can you tell where something is either above or below you?

Answer 11

Pinna adjusts sounds before they enter your ear so that you can tell the difference

Question 12

Describe the pathway of taste to the primary cortex

Answer 12

Tongue -> vagus cranial nerve -> thalamus -> taste cortex

Question 13

Describe the path to S1 of somatosensation

Answer 13

Touch receptor, gracile or cuneate nucleus, rises through spinal cord, crosses over in medulla, rises to thalamus, thalamus projects to S1

Question 14

What’s the ventral lateral nucleus in charge of?

Answer 14

Somatosensation for the body

Question 15

Ventral medial nuclei in the thalamus in charge of?

Answer 15

Somatosensation for head and taste

Question 16

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus in charge of in the thalamus?

Answer 16

Relaying Vision

Question 17

What is the medial geniculate nucleus in charge of?

Answer 17

Relaying hearing

Question 18

Where is the primary cortex of audition?

Answer 18

Temporal lobe

Question 19

Where is the primary cortex of olfaction?

Answer 19

Under the frontal cortex

Question 20

What is top-down control?

Answer 20

Signals from the cortex that change the response properties of sensors and change processing at subcortical and cortical levels (ex. Expectation of a taste)

Question 21

What is the superior colliculus necessary for?

Answer 21

Orientation

Question 22

What is the visual cortex necessary for?

Answer 22

Discrimination

Question 23

What is the insular cortex?

Answer 23

An Area of decision making and interoception & most importantly the primary cortex for taste

Question 24

After sleep deprivation, does decoding accuracy for food vs non food odors in the peri form cortex increase or decrease?

Answer 24

Increase

Question 25

Eating too much chocolate ____ insula activity and ____ OFC activity in response to chocolate

Answer 25

Reduces, increases

Question 26

Whats the difference between p-cells and m-cells?

Answer 26

P - color and fine detail M - motion, coarse detail

Question 27

Is dorsal stream for where or what?

Answer 27

Where

Question 28

Is ventral stream for where or what?

Answer 28

What

Question 29

What is visual agnosia?

Answer 29

Impairment in recognizing objects

Question 30

Where are shape sensitive regions in the brain?

Answer 30

Ventral temporal cortex & ventral occipital complex

Question 31

LOC cares about ____, not meaning of object

Answer 31

Shape

Question 32

What is prosopagnosia?

Answer 32

Cant recognize faces

Question 33

Is there a difference between prosopagnosia patients and control groups when shown a face upside down?

Answer 33

Nope

Question 34

Where are faces recognized/Face fusiform cortex?

Answer 34

Ventral temporal cortex

Question 35

What is the grandmother cell theory?

Answer 35

Cells only recognize people

Question 36

What is exogenous attention?

Answer 36

Reflexive Bottom-Up-Stimulus Driven

Question 37

What is endogenous attention?

Answer 37

Voluntary Top-down Goal-directed

Question 38

What is posner cuing paradigm?

Answer 38

Measuring reaction time when staring at a cross hair to raise ur hand if an arrow points where the box is

Question 39

Is Posner cuing paradigm used to test endogenous or exogenous cueing?

Answer 39

Endogenous cus you know what youre looking for

Question 40

What is overt attention?

Answer 40

Physically moving eye gaze to the attended location

Question 41

What is covert attention?

Answer 41

Mentally shifting attention to the attended location

Question 42

What is spatial attention?

Answer 42

A spotlight onto a segment of a scene where focus is driven for a particular stimuli, enhances visual processing of the spotlighted part of the scene

Question 43

What do V4 neurons primarily respond to?

Answer 43

Color

Question 44

Some neurons have a certain receptive field have a particular color sensation, what happens when that color falls within that field?

Answer 44

The firing rate goes wild

Question 45

Does attention increase or decrease ERP amplitudes with a visual stimuli that is attended to?

Answer 45

INCREASE

Question 46

Does attention increase ERP amplitudes to auditory stimuli that is attended to?

Answer 46

Yup yup

Question 47

What does Steady-State visual evoked potentials do?

Answer 47

Basically read the mind, if you flash two lights at certain Hzs, certain areas of the brain with match the rhythm of the light the person is attending to

Question 48

What area of the brain focuses on faces?

Answer 48

Fusiform face area

Question 49

What area of the brain focuses on places?

Answer 49

Parahippocampal

Question 50

Does BOLD increase or decrease in the FFA when showing a face?

Answer 50

INCREASE

Question 51

Does BOLD increase or decrease in the parahippocampal area when shown a moving place?

Answer 51

INCREASE

Question 52

Is attention constant or rhythmic?

Answer 52

Rhythmic

Question 53

What’s a possible pro of having rhythmic attention?

Answer 53

Stop tunnel vision to be aware of your surroundings

Question 54

What are the two attention networks?

Answer 54

Dorsal attention and ventral attention

Question 55

What does the dorsal attention network do?

Answer 55

- topographic - top down (goal directed) - hubs in frontal eye fields and superior parietal lobule send output to primary visual areas to amplify neural activity in the attended location - damage here can lead to reduced modulation of visual activity by attention

Question 56

What does ventral attention network do?

Answer 56

- not topographic - bottom up (stimulus driven) - somewhat right lateralized - involved in detection of salient stimuli and error detection - damage to right inferior parietal cortex causes neglect

Question 57

What can neglect cause?

Answer 57

Neglect of an entire hemifield, visual stimuli still activate visuals regions in the occipital lobes even if theyre unaware of items (ex. Fire on their left side of their visual field can still cause fear)