Lecture 13, 14, And 15

Question 1

Describe the corticospinal tract/descending tract

Answer 1

Primary neuron in M1 sends projection down to internal capsule, then to pyramid, then decussates before going down the spinal cord, lands at a motor neuron, then going to skeletal muscle

Question 2

Is the homunculus accurate?

Answer 2

Not rlly

Question 3

What does the spinocerebellum do?

Answer 3

Motor coordination

Question 4

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

Answer 4

Complex motor planning

Question 5

The cerebellum is responsible for ___ control

Answer 5

Quality

Question 6

Can damage to the cerebellum affect correction?

Answer 6

Yup

Question 7

Describe the motor loop

Answer 7

Somatomotor contacts putamen which tells thalamus to go or stop which thalamus then communicates back to somatomotor

Question 8

What are the secondary motor areas?

Answer 8

Premotor cortex
Supplemental motor area
Both are anterior to somatomotor

Question 9

What does the premotor cortex do?

Answer 9

Connected to parietal lobe, substrate for externally guided actions

Question 10

What does the supplemental motor area do?

Answer 10

Connected to medial frontal, internally guided goals

Question 11

What are association motor areas?

Answer 11

In partial lobe, sensory integration
In frontal lobe, Broca’s area which contains mouth muscle control and frontal eye fields which control eye muscle control

Question 12

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 12

Mirror neurons fire when a goal-oriented action is observed

Question 13

Mirror neuron activity is modulated by _____

Answer 13

Expertise

Question 14

What are the two types of memory?

Answer 14

Nondeclarative (implicit), declarative (explicit)

Question 15

What are the two types of declarative memory?

Answer 15

Episodic memory (events) and semantic memory (facts)

Question 16

What is the one type of nondeclarative memory we care about?

Answer 16

Procedural memory

Question 17

Describe what procedural memory is

Answer 17

Knowing HOW, skill learning which comes with extensive experience

Question 18

Where is procedural memory contained?

Answer 18

Basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 19

Describe episodic memory

Answer 19

Memory for events/episodes, where what when

Question 20

Describe semantic memory

Answer 20

Memory of facts, categories, and general world knowledge

Question 21

Where is episodic memory stored?

Answer 21

Hippocampus

Question 22

Where is semantic memory stored?

Answer 22

Cortex

Question 23

What happened to patient HM?

Answer 23

Had epilepsy so a surgeon removed his hippocampus and he could no longer remember anything

Question 24

Which cortical networks are involved in memory?

Answer 24

Default mode, control, and limbic

Question 25

What does the default mode network do for memory?

Answer 25

- retrieval/recollection - remote episodic memory - engaged in semantic

Question 26

What does control network do for memory?

Answer 26

- engaged during memory decisions (do you remember something?)

Question 27

What does the limbic network do for memory?

Answer 27

Memory and emotion

Question 28

What are the 3 stages of memory?

Answer 28

- encoding (taking in info) - consolidation (strengthening connections using senses) - retrieval (seeing a cue and bringing back memories)

Question 29

What are subsequent memory effects?

Answer 29

How does brain activity during encoding relate to whether items were later remembered/forgotten

Question 30

Is retrieval a constructive or straight forward process?

Answer 30

Constructive

Question 31

Is hippocampal activity high or low during correct recollection?

Answer 31

High

Question 32

Is hippocampal activity higher or lower during correct recollection?

Answer 32

Higher

Question 33

Is hippocampal activity higher or lower during correct recollection?

Answer 33

Higher

Question 34

Describe the theory of consolidation

Answer 34

Hippocampus stores memories with connections to cortex, reactivation of those memories triggers the cortex over and over and strengthens those synapses, eventually the memories will be stored in the cortex

Question 35

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 35

You cannot remember events previous to trauma

Question 36

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 36

You cant remember new things but remember things from the past

Question 37

What are the two bio markers of Alzheimer’s?

Answer 37

Amyloid beta and Tau neurofibrillary tangles

Question 38

Where does Alzheimer’s pathology congregate in?

Answer 38

Hippocampus

Question 39

What are the three components of an emotion?

Answer 39

- a physiological reaction to a stimulus (peripheral response) - a behavioral response - a feeling (subjective response)

Question 40

What is the physiological reaction to a stimulus in regards to emotion?

Answer 40

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 41

What are the three conceptions of emotion?

Answer 41

- basic ( shaped by evolution, directly linked w facial expressions) - dimensions of emotions (emotions that are fundamentally the same but differ on dimensions of valence and arousal) - complex (shaped by learning and culture, longer lasting)

Question 42

Are facial expressions universal?

Answer 42

Recent studies may contradict that they are

Question 43

Describe valence

Answer 43

Facial expression emotion

Question 44

Describe arousal

Answer 44

Gut emotion like a pit in your stomach

Question 45

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 45

Governs physiological response associated with emotions, fighting feeding fleeing and fucking Controls viscera Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 46

What does the hypothalamus have to do with the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 46

Has nuclei with control over autonomic nervous and hormone secretion

Question 47

What does the amygdala do?

Answer 47

Fear, rage and aggression, sexual behavior, face processing

Question 48

Is the high or low road to the amygdala fast?

Answer 48

Low

Question 49

Is the high road or the low road slow?

Answer 49

High road

Question 50

What is the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is in charge of what?

Answer 50

High road, slower cognitive Inputs from hippocampus, association cortex, sensory cortex/thalamus Outputs to medial prefrontal cortex, association cortex, ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens

Question 51

What does the central nuclei of the amygdala do?

Answer 51

Faster, automatic Input directly from thalamus Output to autonomic nervous system & Modulatory systems

Question 52

What are both nuclei of the amygdala controlled by?

Answer 52

Medial prefrontal cortex (anterior cingulate)

Question 53

What does the limbic network do for emotion?

Answer 53

Orbitofrontal cortex regulates emotion

Question 54

What can amygdala damage cause?

Answer 54

Kluver Bucky syndrome

Question 55

How does amygdala damage reflect in Kluver-Bucky Syndrome?

Answer 55

- inability to recognize emotional importance - lack of fear - lack of aggression - hypersexuality, indiscriminate mating

Question 56

What does bilateral (both sides) damage do to emotions?

Answer 56

Impairs understanding of emotions

Question 57

What happened to patient SM?

Answer 57

Bilateral lesion to amygdala

Question 58

What can bilateral amygdala damage do in terms of facial recognition?

Answer 58

Reduces attention to eyes

Question 59

What can bilateral amygdala damage do to fear learning?

Answer 59

Impairs implicit fear learning