Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bacteriology Lectures > Lecture 1 - Morphology and Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Morphology and Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes a species (5 things)

A
  1. Mating constraints (classical)
  2. Visible characteristics (Gram, shape, spores)
  3. Metabolism
  4. Surface structures
  5. Molecular Relatedness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biochemical tests can assess relatedness only if…

A

the cell is metabolically active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Five tools for assessing relatedness

A
  1. Biochemical tests
  2. Numerical taxonomy
  3. DNA optical mapping (restriction digest)
  4. Serotyping
  5. Direct gene sequence comparisons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Optical map assembly involves _____ DNA molecules on a glass chip

A

linearized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Serotyping (strain typing) involves what 4 characteristics?

A
  1. Antigens
  2. Antobiotic/phage sensitivity profiles
  3. Toxin production
  4. surface molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

6 important bacterial phyla

A
  1. Proteobacteria (a, ß, g, Σ)
  2. Chlamydiae
  3. Bacteroidetes
  4. Actinobacteriae (Myco, coryne, Actinomyces)
  5. Spirochaetae (Trep, Lepto, Borrelia)
  6. Firmicutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mycoplasma cell shape

A

pleiomorphic (and small)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mycoplasma energetics/metabolism?

What does its membrane require

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mycoplasma does not contain a _____, only a ________.

A

No cell wall

only a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Various archaea shapes

A

cocci, rod, spiral, others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two types of energetics found in archaea

A

Lithotrophs, heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three energetic properties of archaea

A
  1. many extremophiles
  2. some produce methane
  3. protein synthesis resembles eukaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Archaea envelope – it does not have ______ but has a ________

A

No peptoglycan *

Has a cell wall

**pseudo-pg, polysacch, protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Major difference in archaea lipids

A

Ethers (Other life has esters)

The lipids also have** Branched Isoprene chains**

(instead of unbranched fatty acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce via ____. They have a _______ chromosome usually.

A

binary fission

Single circular chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytoplasm of prokaryotes contains….

A

membrane invaginations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Specific membrane structures of prokaryotes

A

Mesosomes

Phycobilisomes, chromatophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytoplasm of prokaryotes contains what?

A

Inclusion bodies (insoluble polymers, poly beta-OH butyrate, starch, glycogen, sulfur, polyphosphate granules)

Somal bodies (protein-bound vesicles, gas vesicles, magnetosomes (membrane-bound), carboxysomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bacterial chromosome is…. (three properties

A
  • anchored to membrane
    • highly folded (not histones)
    • few thousand genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Important functional sites in bacterial cytoplasm

A

Enzymatic reaction centers

(reaction centers depend on DNA, mRNA and protein localization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Plasma membrane can be made more fluid by…

A

Lowering temp

Shorter or more unsaturated fatty acids

22
Q

Phosopholipid bilayer does not contain

A

sterols

(except mycolic acid)

23
Q

Bacteria do not perform

A

Endocytosis

*Need transporter molecules

24
Q

What is the Rocker-Switch mechanism?

A

external and internal binding sites for transported solute

and a “bottleneck” that is sometimes a selectivity filter

25
Bacteria require _____ to export proteins such as ____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Secretory systems hydrolases, toxins
26
Four steps to gram stain
Crystal Violet Iodine Alcohol Safranin
27
PG backbone made of
GlcNAc - MurNAc linked beta 1-4
28
C6 O-acetyl MurNAc is resistant to
lysozyme
29
PG side chain made of
tetrapeptide \*can vary
30
Differences in PG side chain among types of bacteria
**G-** usu. have **DAP** at #3 **G+** usu. have **lysine**
31
PG pentapeptide cross bridge is only in...
G+
32
Two molecules in glycan chains of PG
**NAG** and **MURNAc **(N acetylmuramic acid)
33
Tetrapeptide uses what weird molecules?
D amino acids
34
6 steps in PG synth
1. Pentapeptide side chain is added to UDP-NAM 2. UDP-MurNAc-5aa is then transferred to **bactoprenol**, NAG is added 3. Bactoprenol is phosphorylated and flips sides 4. New monomer is removed from BP and added to a space in wall by transglycosylation 5. Transpeptidation (5th Ala is lost) 6. BP is Dephosphorylated and flips again
35
LPS is in what cell type?
Gram -
36
LPS constituents
1. O antigen 2. Core polysaccharide 3. Disaccharide diphosphate 4. Lipid A 5. Fatty acids
37
Synthesis of LPS (3 steps)
1. Core (monosaccharide) added to lipid A on Inner surface of inner membrane -- Lipid A flips to periplasmic space 2. Repeat unit is made in cytoplasm and carried to Periplasmic space by bactoprenol (and added to lipid A core) 3. LPS moves to Outer membrane via bridging proteins
38
Bacterial species may alter what part of LPS?
O antigen these define SEROTYPES (strains)
39
\_\_\_\_ lack O antigen, and instead produce variant form of LPS called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Neisseria Lipooligosaccharide
40
Bacteria contain **polysaccharide capsule** (except \_\_\_\_\_\_. What does it have instead?)
**Bacillus anthracis** It has **poly D-Glu**
41
Purposes of capsule (glycocalyx)
* **Adhesion** to surfaces (_Strep mutans_ – uronic acids) * **Anti phagocytic** (Strep pneumoniae) * **Immune mimic** (NmB, EcK1 – sialic acid)
42
Function of Pili/Fimbriae
1. **Hold together** during conjugation 2. **Attach** cells to surfaces (Streptococcal M protein is a minor protein at tips of pili) 3. **Antigenic** - cells can vary antigens to evade host defenses (antigenic variation in N. gonorrhoeae) 4. **Motility** (twitching... alternate extension and retraction)
43
Flagella structure
Filament composed of **flagellin\*** \*H antigen
44
Location of flagella is...
species specific
45
How does locomotion by flagella occur?
repulsion of charges from **proton flow ** through **Mot A/B proteins**
46
What is a C ring?
switch that allows rotation to change direction
47
Conformations of C ring
1. **CCW** = cell swims 2. **CW** = cell tumbles randomly this allows chemotaxis, a sensing of chemical gradients _TEMPORALLY_ (not spatially)
48
What are S-Layers? Who are they especially prominent in?
Single crystalline protein that surrounds some cells (esp. prominent in **Archaea**)
49
Function and characteristic of S-layers | (one of each)
1. **Molecular sieve** (anti-complement) 2. Variations in lattice arrangement are _characteristic of the species_
50
Flagella filament (propeller) is connected at the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Hook | (universal joint)

Bacteriology Lectures (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions