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BIOSCI 107 > Lecture 1: Organisation of the human body > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Organisation of the human body Flashcards

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1
Q

List the body’s 6 levels of structural organisation

A

Chemicals -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems -> Organisms

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2
Q

Describe the chemical level of structural organisation

A

The building blocks of the body often considered as atoms and molecules

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3
Q

Describe the cellular level of structural organisation

A

The basic structural and functional units of the body (roughly 200 types exist - each have specific shape and size and function)

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4
Q

Describe the tissue level of structural organisation

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a common function. 4 main types exist: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

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5
Q

Describe the organ level of structural organisation

A

Organs are structures composed of two or more types of tissue

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6
Q

Describe the system level of structural organisation

A

Systems consist of multiple related organs that have a common function

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7
Q

Describe the organism level of structural organisation

A

All the systems within an organism work together simultaneously to constitute a living organism

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8
Q

List the 11 systems of the human body

A

MURDERS LINC

  • Muscular
  • Urinary
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Lymphatic and Immune
  • Integumentary
  • Nervous
  • Cardiovascular
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9
Q

Name the organs of the muscular system

A
  • Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular)
  • Tendons
  • Aponeurose
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10
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

A
  • Provide skeletal movement
  • Control entrance and exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems
  • Produce heat (muscle shivering)
  • Support skeleton
  • Protect soft tissues
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11
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A
  • Tendons connect bone to muscle (eg archilles tendon)
  • They translate contractile forces into tasks
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12
Q

What is the function of aponeuroses?

A
  • Aponeuroses connect muscle to muscle
  • They translate contractile forces into tasks
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13
Q

What is the function of axial muscles?

A
  • Support and positioning of axial skeleton
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14
Q

What is the function of appendicular muscles?

A
  • Support and movement of limbs
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15
Q

Name the organs of the skeletal system

A
  • Skeleton (axial and appendicular)
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Bone marrow (red and yellow)
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16
Q

What is the function of bones?

A

Stores minerals

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17
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax
Supports body weight

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18
Q

What is the function of appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs
Supports and enables muscles to move skeleton

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19
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Bone interface
Many functions

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20
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Ligaments are fibrous connections between 2 bones

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21
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red - production of RBCs
Yellow - storage of fat cells

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22
Q

Name the organs of the nervous system

A
  • CNS (spinal cord and the brain)
  • PNS
  • Special senses
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23
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Central nervous system acts as the control center (allows short term control of other systems)

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24
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

Carries out complex integrative activities (takes info and responds to chemical and neurological stimuli)
Controls voluntary and involuntary action

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25
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Carries action potentials between the peripheral nerves and the brain Performs less complex integrative activities (such as the reflex arc -\> an action which does not involve the brain)
26
What is the function of the PNS?
Links CNS with other systems and sense organs
27
Name the organs of the endocrine system
- Pineal gland - Hypothalamus / Pituitary gland - Thyroid gland - Parathyroid gland - Thymus - Adrenal glands - Kidneys - Pancreas - Gonads
28
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Regulates day and night rhythms (sleep patterns)
29
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Control center of endocrine system Regulates growth
30
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Regulates metabolic rate Regulates calcium levels
31
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
Regulates calcium levels
32
What is the function of the thymus?
Controls maturation of lymphocytes (WBCs)
33
What is the function of adrenal glands?
Water and mineral balance Tissue metabolism Cardiovascular and respiratory system function (via release of adrenaline -\> fight or flight)
34
What is the function of kidneys? (as a part of the endocrine system)
Red blood cell production Maintain blood pressure Regulates calcium levels
35
What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the endocrine system)
Glucose control
36
What is the function of gonads?
Development of sexual characteristics and reproduction
37
Name the organs of the lymphatic system (immune system)
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic fluid B cells and T cells Lymph nodes (including tonsils) Spleen Thymus
38
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system where they re-enter blood flow
39
What is the function of lymphatic fluid?
They carry lymphocytes
40
What is the function of B cells and T cells (lymphocytes)?
Involved in immune response
41
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Monitor composition of lymph (via filtering, phagocytosis and immune reactions) Stimulate immune response Engulfs pathogens
42
What is the function of the spleen?
- consider spleen as a sort of large lymph node - Monitors circulation of blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycle RBCs Stimulates immune response
43
What is the function of the thymus?
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
44
Name the organs of the cardiovascular system
Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries Blood
45
What is the function of the heart?
Maintain blood pressure Pump blood around body
46
What is the function of veins?
Carry blood to the heart
47
What is the function of artieries?
Carry blood away from heart
48
What is the function of capillaries?
Carry blood to and from body cells Diffusion between blood and tissue fluids
49
What is the function of blood?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Transport nutrients and hormones Remove waste Temperature regulation Carry immune cells for defence against illness Maintain pH levels
50
Name the components of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity and paransala sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
51
What is the function of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
Filter air Warm air Humidify air Detect smell
52
What is the function of pharynx?
Conducts air to larynx
53
What is the function of larynx?
Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords to allow vocalisation
54
What is the function of trachea?
Conducts air Contains C- shaped cartilage to prevent collasping
55
What is the function of bronchi?
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
56
What is the function of lungs?
Air movement Gas exchange between alveoli and blood Acid base control
57
Name the components of the digestive system
Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine and Anus
58
What is the function of oral cavity
Breaks up food using teeth and tongue
59
What is the function of salivary glands?
Buffers and lubricant for food Contain enzymes which breakdown food
60
What is the function of pharynx?
Moves food and liquids to the oesophagus Shared with respiratory system
61
What is the function of oesophagus?
Deliver food to stomach
62
What is the function of stomach?
Digest food using stomach acid Contains enzymes and hormones
63
What is the function of the small intestine?
Contains digestive enzymes Buffers and hormones Absorbs nutrients
64
What is the function of the liver?
Secretes bile Regulates nutrients in blood
65
What is the function of gallbladder?
Concentrates bile
66
What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the digestive system)
Contains digestive enzymes Buffers Endocrine cells
67
What is the function of the large intestine and the anus?
Water removal Waste storage and removal
68
Name the organs of the urinary system
Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra
69
What is the function of the kidney? (as a part of the urinary system)
Form and concentrate urine Regulate pH and ions Blood volume and blood pressure Also a part of endocrine system
70
What is the function of ureters?
Conduct urine to bladder
71
What is the function of bladder?
Store urine prior to elimination
72
What is the function of urethra?
Conducts urine to exterior
73
Name the components of the male reproductive system
Testes Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra Penis Scrotum
74
What is the function of testes?
Produce sperm Produces hormones as a part of the endocrine system
75
What is the function of epididymis?
Sperm maturation
76
What is the function of ductus deferens?
Sperm from epididymis
77
What is the function of seminal glands?
Contain seminal fluid
78
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
79
What is the function of the urethra?
Moves sperm outside of body
80
What is the function of the penis?
Reproduction
81
What is the function of scrotum?
Holds and protects testes
82
Name the components of female reproductive system
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Mammary glands
83
What is the function of ovaries?
Production of oocytes and hormones as a part of the endocrine system
84
What is the function of uterine tubes?
Deliver oocyte Location where fertilisation of ovum occurs
85
What is the function of uterus?
Embryonic development
86
What is the function of vagina?
Lubrication Sperm reception Birth canal
87
What is the function of mammary glands?
Nutrition for new-born (it is a modified sweat gland hence also a part of integumentary system)
88
Name the organs of the integumentary system
Epidermis (outermost layer) Dermis (includes hair follicles (hairs and sebaceous glands), sensory receptors and sweat glands) Nails Hypodermis
89
What is the function of the epidermis?
Protects surface and deeper tissues Vitamin D production
90
What is the function of hair follicles?
Aid in sensation from innervation (supply of nerves) Produces hairs for protection Contains sebaceous glands which lubricate skin and make it more impermeable to moisture
91
What is the function of sweat glands?
Thermoregulation - dissipation of heat via release of moisture (evaporative cooling) Breast tissue is a modified sweat gland which is involved in the female reproductive system
92
What is the function of nails?
Stiffen and protect digit (toes and fingers)
93
What is the function of sensory receptors?
Detects stimuli
94
What is the function of hypodermis
Stores fat for energy use Inner layer of skin
95
What are the 4 main types of tissue?
Connective Epithelial Muscle Nerve
96
Describe epithelial tissue
Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts - forms glands Allow for protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion
97
Describe connective tissue
Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance (gel-like substance) They protect, support, bind organs, store energy, and transport blood
98
Describe muscular tissue
Contractile cells that allow for movement
99
Describe nervous tissue
Conducting cells that allow the body to respond to external stimuli by the production of nerve impulses
100
Chemicals -\> Cells -\> Tissues -\> Organs -\> Systems -\> Organisms
List the body's 6 levels of structural organisation
101
The building blocks of the body often considered as atoms and molecules
Describe the chemical level of structural organisation
102
The basic structural and functional units of the body (roughly 200 types exist - each have specific shape and size and function)
Describe the cellular level of structural organisation
103
Groups of cells that work together to perform a common function. 4 main types exist: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
Describe the tissue level of structural organisation
104
Organs are structures composed of two or more types of tissue
Describe the organ level of structural organisation
105
Systems consist of multiple related organs that have a common function
Describe the system level of structural organisation
106
All the systems within an organism work together simultaneously to constitute a living organism
Describe the organism level of structural organisation
107
MURDERS LINC - Muscular - Urinary - Respiratory - Digestive - Endocrine - Reproductive - Skeletal - Lymphatic and Immune - Integumentary - Nervous - Cardiovascular
List the 11 systems of the human body
108
- Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular) - Tendons - Aponeurose
Name the organs of the muscular system
109
- Provide skeletal movement - Control entrance and exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems - Produce heat (muscle shivering) - Support skeleton - Protect soft tissues
What is the function of skeletal muscles?
110
- Tendons connect bone to muscle (eg archilles tendon) - They translate contractile forces into tasks
What is the function of tendons?
111
- Aponeuroses connect muscle to muscle - They translate contractile forces into tasks
What is the function of aponeuroses?
112
- Support and positioning of axial skeleton
What is the function of axial muscles?
113
- Support and movement of limbs
What is the function of appendicular muscles?
114
- Skeleton (axial and appendicular) - Bones - Cartilage - Joints - Ligaments - Bone marrow (red and yellow)
Name the organs of the skeletal system
115
Stores minerals
What is the function of bones?
116
Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax Supports body weight
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
117
Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs Supports and enables muscles to move skeleton
What is the function of appendicular skeleton?
118
Bone interface Many functions
What is the function of cartilage?
119
Ligaments are fibrous connections between 2 bones
What is the function of ligaments?
120
Red - production of RBCs Yellow - storage of fat cells
What is the function of bone marrow?
121
- CNS (spinal cord and the brain) - PNS - Special senses
Name the organs of the nervous system
122
Central nervous system acts as the control center (allows short term control of other systems)
What is the function of the CNS?
123
Carries out complex integrative activities (takes info and responds to chemical and neurological stimuli) Controls voluntary and involuntary action
What is the function of the brain?
124
Carries action potentials between the peripheral nerves and the brain Performs less complex integrative activities (such as the reflex arc -\> an action which does not involve the brain)
What is the function of the spinal cord?
125
Links CNS with other systems and sense organs
What is the function of the PNS?
126
- Pineal gland - Hypothalamus / Pituitary gland - Thyroid gland - Parathyroid gland - Thymus - Adrenal glands - Kidneys - Pancreas - Gonads
Name the organs of the endocrine system
127
Regulates day and night rhythms (sleep patterns)
What is the function of the pineal gland?
128
Control center of endocrine system Regulates growth
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
129
Regulates metabolic rate Regulates calcium levels
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
130
Regulates calcium levels
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
131
Controls maturation of lymphocytes (WBCs)
What is the function of the thymus?
132
Water and mineral balance Tissue metabolism Cardiovascular and respiratory system function (via release of adrenaline -\> fight or flight)
What is the function of adrenal glands?
133
Red blood cell production Maintain blood pressure Regulates calcium levels
What is the function of kidneys? (as a part of the endocrine system)
134
Glucose control
What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the endocrine system)
135
Development of sexual characteristics and reproduction
What is the function of gonads?
136
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic fluid B cells and T cells Lymph nodes (including tonsils) Spleen Thymus
Name the organs of the lymphatic system (immune system)
137
Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system where they re-enter blood flow
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
138
They carry lymphocytes
What is the function of lymphatic fluid?
139
Involved in immune response
What is the function of B cells and T cells (lymphocytes)?
140
Monitor composition of lymph (via filtering, phagocytosis and immune reactions) Stimulate immune response Engulfs pathogens
What is the function of lymph nodes?
141
- consider spleen as a sort of large lymph node - Monitors circulation of blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycle RBCs Stimulates immune response
What is the function of the spleen?
142
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
What is the function of the thymus?
143
Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries Blood
Name the organs of the cardiovascular system
144
Maintain blood pressure Pump blood around body
What is the function of the heart?
145
Carry blood to the heart
What is the function of veins?
146
Carry blood away from heart
What is the function of artieries?
147
Carry blood to and from body cells Diffusion between blood and tissue fluids
What is the function of capillaries?
148
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Transport nutrients and hormones Remove waste Temperature regulation Carry immune cells for defence against illness Maintain pH levels
What is the function of blood?
149
Nasal cavity and paransala sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
Name the components of the respiratory system
150
Filter air Warm air Humidify air Detect smell
What is the function of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
151
Conducts air to larynx
What is the function of pharynx?
152
Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords to allow vocalisation
What is the function of larynx?
153
Conducts air Contains C- shaped cartilage to prevent collasping
What is the function of trachea?
154
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
What is the function of bronchi?
155
Air movement Gas exchange between alveoli and blood Acid base control
What is the function of lungs?
156
Oral cavity Salivary glands Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine and Anus
Name the components of the digestive system
157
Breaks up food using teeth and tongue
What is the function of oral cavity
158
Buffers and lubricant for food Contain enzymes which breakdown food
What is the function of salivary glands?
159
Moves food and liquids to the oesophagus Shared with respiratory system
What is the function of pharynx?
160
Deliver food to stomach
What is the function of oesophagus?
161
Digest food using stomach acid Contains enzymes and hormones
What is the function of stomach?
162
Contains digestive enzymes Buffers and hormones Absorbs nutrients
What is the function of the small intestine?
163
Secretes bile Regulates nutrients in blood
What is the function of the liver?
164
Concentrates bile
What is the function of gallbladder?
165
Contains digestive enzymes Buffers Endocrine cells
What is the function of pancreas? (as a part of the digestive system)
166
Water removal Waste storage and removal
What is the function of the large intestine and the anus?
167
Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra
Name the organs of the urinary system
168
Form and concentrate urine Regulate pH and ions Blood volume and blood pressure Also a part of endocrine system
What is the function of the kidney? (as a part of the urinary system)
169
Conduct urine to bladder
What is the function of ureters?
170
Store urine prior to elimination
What is the function of bladder?
171
Conducts urine to exterior
What is the function of urethra?
172
Testes Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Seminal glands Prostate gland Urethra Penis Scrotum
Name the components of the male reproductive system
173
Produce sperm Produces hormones as a part of the endocrine system
What is the function of testes?
174
Sperm maturation
What is the function of epididymis?
175
Sperm from epididymis
What is the function of ductus deferens?
176
Contain seminal fluid
What is the function of seminal glands?
177
Produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
What is the function of the prostate gland?
178
Moves sperm outside of body
What is the function of the urethra?
179
Reproduction
What is the function of the penis?
180
Holds and protects testes
What is the function of scrotum?
181
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Mammary glands
Name the components of female reproductive system
182
Production of oocytes and hormones as a part of the endocrine system
What is the function of ovaries?
183
Deliver oocyte Location where fertilisation of ovum occurs
What is the function of uterine tubes?
184
Embryonic development
What is the function of uterus?
185
Lubrication Sperm reception Birth canal
What is the function of vagina?
186
Nutrition for new-born (it is a modified sweat gland hence also a part of integumentary system)
What is the function of mammary glands?
187
Epidermis (outermost layer) Dermis (includes hair follicles (hairs and sebaceous glands), sensory receptors and sweat glands) Nails Hypodermis
Name the organs of the integumentary system
188
Protects surface and deeper tissues Vitamin D production
What is the function of the epidermis?
189
Aid in sensation from innervation (supply of nerves) Produces hairs for protection Contains sebaceous glands which lubricate skin and make it more impermeable to moisture
What is the function of hair follicles?
190
Thermoregulation - dissipation of heat via release of moisture (evaporative cooling) Breast tissue is a modified sweat gland which is involved in the female reproductive system
What is the function of sweat glands?
191
Stiffen and protect digit (toes and fingers)
What is the function of nails?
192
Detects stimuli
What is the function of sensory receptors?
193
Stores fat for energy use Inner layer of skin
What is the function of hypodermis
194
Connective Epithelial Muscle Nerve
What are the 4 main types of tissue?
195
Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts - forms glands Allow for protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion
Describe epithelial tissue
196
Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substance (gel-like substance) They protect, support, bind organs, store energy, and transport blood
Describe connective tissue
197
Contractile cells that allow for movement
Describe muscular tissue
198
Conducting cells that allow the body to respond to external stimuli by the production of nerve impulses
Describe nervous tissue

BIOSCI 107 (29 decks)

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