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BIOSCI 107 > Lecture 4: Muscle and nerve tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Muscle and nerve tissue Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

Consists of elongated muscle fibres that use energy from ATP to generate force.

By contraction, muscle tissue produces movement, holds posture and generates heat

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tisse

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

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3
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle

A

Attached to bones via tendons
Striated
Very common throughout body
Multinucleate
Voluntary and involuntary (muscles related to posture)
Allow motion, hold posture, produce heat, and protection

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4
Q

What is stapedius?

A

The name of the smallest skeletal muscle located in the inner ear.

Helps prevent hearing disorders

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5
Q

What is sartorius?

A

Name of the longest skeletal muscle in the thigh

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6
Q

What are the parts of a muscle fibre

A

Also known as myocytes or muscle cells, muscle fibres are composed of:

Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Sarcoplasm - cell cytoplasm
Myofibrils

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7
Q

What are the two components of myofibrils?

A

Thin filament (Actin) and Thick filament (myosin)

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8
Q

What is a myofibril

A

Cynlindrical structures made of thick and thin filaments

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9
Q

What is epimysium

A

Surrounds the whole muscle

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10
Q

What is perimysium

A

Surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibres)

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11
Q

What are fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibres

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12
Q

What is endomysium

A

Layer for capillaries and nerves around muscle fibres

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13
Q

What are the parts of myofibril?

A 
A band
I band
H zone
M line
Z disc
Sarcomere
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14
Q

What is the A band

A

middle, dark part of myofibril which has overlap of actin and myosin filaments

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15
Q

What is I band

A

part containing only thin filaments

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16
Q

What is H zone

A

part containing only thick filaments

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17
Q

What is M line

A

Middle of sarcomere holding thick filaments together

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18
Q

What is Z disc

A

Located through the center of the I band made up of actinins that link filaments of adjacent sarcomeres

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19
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Basic functional units of myofibrils that are separated by Z discs

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20
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle

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A 
Striated
Branched
Single nucleus
Fibres join end to end through intercalated discs (contains desmosomes and gap junctions)
Found in the heart
Involuntary
21
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

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A

Specialised muscle cells that conduct electrical activity around heart
Less myofibrils and more specialised connexins (gap junctions)

22
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle?

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A

No striations
Found in the internal wall of hollow structures
Short, small, spindle-shaped
Involuntary
Can contain gap junctions (allowing peristalsis in small intestine for example)

23
Q

What are dense bodies?

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A

Dense bodies - made up of actinin - exist around the smooth muscle providing anchoring points for contractile elements to bind to allowing muscle contraction.

They connect intermediate filaments

24
Q

What is the nervous system composed of

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A

CNS : brain and spinal cord

PNS : all other nervous tissue

25
What are the two divisions of PNS
Sensory/afferent divison : carry information to CNS | Motor/efferent divison : carry information from CNS to effectors
26
What is the afferent divison
Sensory division of PNS which carry information to CNS
27
What is the efferent division
Motor division carrying information from CNS to effectors
28
What is the function of the nervous system
Sensory : detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS Integrative : analysis and storing of information Motor : stimulation of effectors (muscles and glands) through PNS
29
What are the two types of nervous tissue cells?
Neurons and neuroglia
30
What are features of neurons?
Longest cells in the body that make up nervous tissue Involved in concious and unconscious control Have a cell body Have dendrites carrying information into neurons Have axons carrying information from neuron to neuron Do not divide High metabolic rate
31
What are dendrites?
Short, branched extensions of neurons which allow input of electrical impulses
32
What are axons?
Long part of neuron that carries action potentials to adjacent neurons
33
What are the 4 types of neurones?
Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar Anaxonic
34
What are multipolar neurons/
2 or more dendrites 1 axon Most common All motor neurons are multipolar
35
What are bipolar neurons?
2 distinct processes - 1 dendritic and 1 axon Cell body between dendritic part and axon part Rare and small Special sense organs
36
What are unipolar neurons?
``` Dendrites and axons are continuous Cell body off to one side Point where dendrites converge is axon Most sensory nerves are unipolar Long ```
37
What are anaxonic neurons?
Rare Function idk? Cannot distinguish between axon and dendrite Found in brain and sense organs
38
What are neuroglia?
Cells of nervous tissue A sort of glue that holds nervous tissue together Found in CNS and PNS Do not propagate action potentials, but can communicate Can divide
39
What are functions of neuroglia (nervous cells)?
Hold physical structure of nervous tissue Repair framework of nervous tissue Undertake phagocytosis Nutrient supply to neurons Regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
40
What are the types of neuroglia?
``` CNS - astrocytes - oligodendrocytes - microglia - ependymal cells PNS - schwann cells - satellite cells ```
41
What are astrocytes
Type of neuroglia cells found in CNS Star shaped and large Numerous Form syncytium (large co-ordinated network of cells) Function in supporting tissue and repairing Communicate with neurons via gliotransmitters (glutamate) Maintain environment around neuron Maintain blood-barrier via endothelium (can alter permeability of endothelium in blood vessels)
42
What are gliotransmitters?
Structures which allow astrocytes to communicate with neurons
43
What are oligodendrocytes?
Type of neuroglia cells found in CNS Form insulating myelin-sheath (protein-lipid layer) around CNS axons Can myelinate more than one neuron cell's axon
44
What is the myelin sheath?
Lipid-protein layer around axons that accelerate action potentials Secreted by oligodendrocytes in CNS and made up of schwann cells in PNS
45
What are microglia?
Type of neuroglia cells found in CNS | Phagocytic cells of the nervous tissue
46
What are ependymal cells
Type of neuroglia cells found in CNS Produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Have cilia and microvilli Cilia allow movement of nutrients and waste materials Microvilli allow scanning and control of composition of cerebrospinal fluid
47
What are schwann cells
Type of neuroglia found in PNS Form insulating myelin sheath by wrapping around PNS axons Support and surround non-myelinated axons also
48
What are satellite cells
Glue-like role holding PNS nervous tissue together | Provide support and allow fluid exchange of PNS nervous tissue

BIOSCI 107 (29 decks)

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