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BIOSCI 107 > Lecture 3: Connective tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Connective tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two components of connective tissue?

A

CT is made up of extracellular matrix and cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic and mature

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3
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Binds, supports strengthens body structures
Transport system of body - blood
Site of stored energy reserves - adipose tissue

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4
Q

Is CT vascular or avascular?

A

CT is vascular unlike epithelial tissue meaning it contains blood vessels

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5
Q

Does CT have a supply of nerves?

A

Yes, all CT contain nerves except cartilage

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6
Q

Is CT found on body surfaces?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the components of the ECM?

A

Ground substance and protein fibres

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8
Q

What are the components of the ground substance?

A

1) water
2) protein
3) polysaccharide (glycosaminoglycans)

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9
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

GAGS are long unbranched polysaccharides made up of amino sugar and uronic sugar (disaccharides)

There are two types: sulphated and non-sulphated

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10
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Formed by the long polysaccharide chains binding to core proteins

These molecules have lots of sugar and less protein

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11
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

Type of non-sulphated GAGS therefore not bound to a core protein

Highly polar therefore can attract and trap water becoming sort of slippery

Viscous slippery substance that binds cells together

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12
Q

What is the function of hyaluronic acid?

A

Lubricates joints

Maintains shape of eyeball

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13
Q

What is hyaluronidase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid

Produced by sperm, white blood cells and bacteria

It allows species to navigate connective tissue by making ground substance more liquid

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14
Q

What is the chondroitin sulphate?

A

Type of sulphated GAGS that support and provide the adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin , blood vessels

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15
Q

What is keratan sulphate?

A

Sulphated GAGS found in bone, cartilage and cornea of eye

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16
Q

What is dermatan sulphate?

A

Sulphated GAGS found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

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17
Q

What is exophthalmos?

A

A disorder related to abnormal ECM causing the bulging of the eyes.

Occurs when the immune system attacks tissue in the thyroid gland causing over-activation and production of hormones. The extra hormones stimulate fibroblasts in the eye causing an influx of water and pushing eyes forward

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18
Q

What are the three types of protein fibres?

A

1) Collagen
2) Reticular fibre
3) Elastic fibre

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19
Q

What is collagen

A

A protein fibre that makes up the ECM of CT.

Strong and flexible allowing to resist pulling forces
Common in bone, cartilages, tendons and ligaments

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20
Q

What is reticular fibre

A

A protein fibre that makes up the ECM of CT

Made up of fine bundles of collagen + glycoprotein coating
Made by fibroblasts (like reticular lamina of basement membrane)
Provides strength and support
Found in basement membrane, vessels, adipose tissue, nerve fibres, smooth muscle tissues

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21
Q

What is elastic fibre

A

A protein fibre that makes up the ECM of CT

Made up of elastin surrounded by fibrillin giving strength and stability
Allows tissue to be stretched
Found in skin, blood vessles, and lung

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22
Q

Symptoms of marfan syndrome

A

Abnormal growth of limbs caused by defect in fibrillin of elastic fibres

Stability of heart valves and arterial walls are decreased.

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23
Q

How is marfan syndrome caused?

A

Hereditary defect on chromosome 15 for the coding of fibrillin, a glycoprotein that usually binds to TGFbs regulating growth. Fibrillin cannot bind to TGFbs causing abnormal growth.

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24
Q

What is fibrillin?

A

A type of glycoprotein that makes up elastic fibres along with elastin. It forms a scaffold for elastin and also binds to transforming growth factor betas controlling growth.

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25
What are the two most common types of cells that make up CT?
Fibroblasts and adipocytes
26
What are fibroblasts?
Cells of CT Secretes components of matrix (eg secretes reticular fibres forming reticular lamina of basement membrane) Migratory
27
What are adipocytes?
Cells of CT store fat (energy reserves) found under skin and around organs
28
What are macrophages?
Cells of CT phagocytic Resonant and migratory forms Found at sites of infection, inflammation and injury
29
What are plasma cells?
Formed from B-lymphocytes Produce antibodies Found widely
30
What are mast cells
Produce histamine - dilates blood vessels | Found in blood vessels
31
What are leucocytes?
White blood cells of immune system | Move around blood
32
What are the two types of embryonic CT?
Mesenchyme and mucous
33
What is mesenchyme CT?
Type of embryonic CT Gives rise to all CT Consists of mesenchymal cells in a semi-fluid ground substance containing reticular fibres
34
What is mucous CT?
Type of embryonic CT Supports umbilical cord of foetus Contains fibroblasts embedded in jelly-like ground substance
35
What are the types of mature CT?
Loose CT Dense CT Supporting CT - cartilage and bone tissue Fluid CT - blood
36
What is the difference between loose CT and dense CT?
Loose CT contain more cells less fibres | Dense CT contains more fibres lee cells
37
What are the 3 types of loose CT?
Areolar Adipose Reticular
38
What is areolar CT?
Made up all types of protein fibres Found in all structures (most common CT) Provides structure, elasticity and support
39
What is adipose CT?
Made up of adipocytes White adipose stores energy Brown adipose produces heat Provides energy source, temperature control and insulation
40
What are the two types of adipose tissue and their functions
White adipose stores energy | Brown adipose produces heat
41
What is reticular CT?
Made up of reticular fibres and reticular cells Forms stroma of organs Binds muscle tissue
42
What are the three types of dense CT?
Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic
43
What is dense regular CT?
Regular arranged collagen fibres Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses Provide attachment between structures
44
What is dense irregular CT?
Irregular arranged collagen fibres Found as sheets in skin, around muscles and organs Provides tensile strength in many directions
45
What is elastic CT?
Contains elastic fibres with fibroblasts Found in lungs, wall of blood vessels, bronchial tubes Allows organs to stretch
46
What are the two types of supporting CT
Cartilage and bone tissue
47
What are the three types of cartilage ?
1) hyaline 2) fibrocartilage 3) elastic cartilage
48
What is hyaline cartilage?
Relatively weak cartilage Found in nose, trachea and bronchi (respiratory system) Allows flexibility and movement
49
What is fibrocartilage?
Made up of chondrocytes and thick bundles of collagen fibres Found where hips join, intervertebral discs, cartilage of knee Supports and joins structures together Strongest type of cartilage
50
What is elastic cartilage?
Made up of chondrocytes and elastic fibres Found on larynx lid, ear, and auditory tubes Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures
51
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact and spongy
52
What is compact bone tissue
Forms outer layer of bones Has rod-shaped units called osteons or harversian systems Stores calcium and phosphorus Protection and support
53
What is spongy bone tissue
Forms inner layer of bone No osteons Stores triglycerides (yellow bone marrow) Produces red blood cells (red bone marrow)
54
What are the 4 types of cells found in bones?
Osteogenic cells -> Osteoblasts -> Osteocytes | Osteoclasts
55
What are osteogenic cells?
Mesenchymal stem cells that develop Begin to lay down collagen Become trapped in matrix and form osteoblasts
56
What are osteoblasts?
Bone-forming cells Lay down more collagen Mineralisation process starts
57
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells formed from osteoblasts Maintain bone tissue Exchange nutrients and wastes Contains gap junctions
58
What are osteoclasts?
Large cells with many nuclei Break down bone Formed from fusion of blood monocytes
59
What are the 4 components that make up osteons (harvesian systems)
Lamellae - rings of mineral salts for hardness Lacunae - small spaces between lamellae containing osyteocytes Canaliculi - Canals containing EC fluid, route for oxygen nutrients and waste Central (harvesian canal) - Blood, lymph and nerves
60
What happens in a bone fracture?
1) Osteoclasts reabsorb dead bone by breaking it down 2) Chondroblasts lay down hyaline cartilage callus 3) Osteoblasts lay down new bone 4) Osteoclasts remodel new bone
61
What is blood made up of?
Blood plasma which is a form of ECM and formed elements (rbc, wbc, platelets)
62
What are erythrocytes?
RBCs transport oxygen and CO2
63
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets - initialise blood clotting
64
What are leukocytes?
WBCs
65
What do neutrophils and macrophages do?
Carry out phagocytosis - engulf bacteria
66
What do basophils and mast cells do?
Release substances that intensify inflammatory reaction
67
What do eosinophils do?
Fight against parasitic worms and allergic response
68
What do lymphocytes do?
Carry out immune response

BIOSCI 107 (29 decks)

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