Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cardio > Lecture #1 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture #1 - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Excitation-Contraction coupling refer to?

A

Connection leading from electrical changes in the PM to initiation of contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cause of cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Increase in intracellular Ca+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Talk through the steps of muscular contraction

A

Depolarization along Sarcolema into T Tubules
Trigger Ca enters via L-Type Voltage-sensitive channels
Trigger Ca opens Calcium release channels
Calcium leaves SR –> Calcium “spark”
Calcium Binds Troponin subunit C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Another name for L-type voltage sensitive channels?

A

DHP receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Another name for calcium release channels?

A

Ryanodyne Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Two proteins associated with Ryanodine receptors?

A

Junctin

Triadin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are heart contractile activities dysregulated in heart failure?

A

SR Calcium Stores Depleted

Weakened Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does cardiac muscle relax?

A

cAMP dependent protein kinase P’s troponin I
Tropomyosin can now reblock the binding site
Calcium removed from sarcoplasm by SERCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes SERCA activation?

A

phospholamban

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do catecholamines affect the heart?

A

Speeding the phosphorylation rate of Troponin I and Phospholamban

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is lusitropy?

A

Relaxation of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to Ca after it is pumped into the SR?

A

Binding to calsequestrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Other than SERCA, where else might Ca go?

A

Pumped out in NA-Ca exchange pump (Coupled with Na/K)

(much less important) Ca ATP-ase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Increasing available intracellular calcium has what effect on the heart?

A

More vigorous contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Cardiac Inotropic State?

A

Myocardial Contractility, The Force Developed by the Heart Muscle at a given length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ca influence on the heart’s ionotropic state?

A

Higher with increased intracellular calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Four primary influences on intracellular calcium?

A

Extracellular Calcium
Positive Inotropic Agents
Heart Rate
Negative Inotropic Agents (Ca channel blockers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Effects of increased and decreased extracellular calcium?

A

Increased – Initial inc. in contractility, eventually arrest in systole

Decrease – Initial dec in contractility, eventual arrest in diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give two examples of positive inotropic agents.

A

Catecholamines (Inc. P of Ca channels to let Ca in)

Digitalis (inhibits Na/K pump, less Ca pumped out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why would increasing the heart rate increase calcium levels?

A

Not enough time to return it all to the SR between contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the force-frequency relationship refer to?

A

Increase in contractility with the increase in the HR due to remnant Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two ways Calcium channel blockers influence the CV system

A

Contractility reduced, as less Ca gets in

No Ca for smooth muscle –> Vasodilation and lost Per. Resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Four types of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic RV Dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Six Steps in Heart Contraction

A 
Filling
Atrial Systole
Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction
Ejection (Rapid, then reduced)
Isovolumetric Relaxation
Filling Again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define End Diastolic Volume
Volume in the Ventricle following Atrial Systole
26
Role of papillary muscles?
Pull on chordae tendinae to prevent AV values from inversion
27
Define End Systolic Volume
Blood volume remaining in the ventricle following Systolic Contraction in the isovolumetric relaxation phase
28
How does end diastolic volume relate to heart rate?
Higher heart rate means that diastolic filling time is reduced
29
Approx. fractions for blood movement in a healthy heart?
1/3 End Systolic Volume | 2/3 Pumped Out
30
Relationship of SV, End Diastolic, and End Systolic Volumes
SV=EDV-ESV
31
Equation for Ejection Fraction.
(SV/EDV) x 100 (for percentage)
32
What does the incisura reflect?
Closure of the aortic semilunar valves
33
Memorize pg 8 figure
plz.
34
What is the Pulse Pressure?
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure.
35
Difference in pressure between R and L Heart?
Much lower systolic pressure
36
Why does the drop in pressure in reduced ejection occur?
Onset on physiological systole
37
Equation for CO
CO = HR x SV
38
Low ejection fraction may indicate...
Heart Failure
39
Relationship of SV, EDV, and Ejection Fraction
SV= (EF) (EDV)
40
Equation for Cardiac Index.
Cardiac Output/Body Area
41
Equation for Stroke Index.
Stroke Volume/Body Area
42
Equation for Stroke Work
(SV) (Mean Arterial Pressure)
43
Equation for Pulse Pressure
Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure
44
Equation for MAP (with Diastolic)
Diastolic + 1/3 (Pulse Pressure)
45
Equation for MAP (with CO)
CO X Systemic Vascular Resistance
46
Equation for MAP (with HR)
(HR)(SV)(Systemic Vascular Resistance)
47
What is compliance? (concept)
A measure of wall stiffness
48
What is compliance (equation)?
Change in V / Change in P | SV/PP (for full system)
49
Increasing compliance will have what affect on pulse pressure.
Inc Stiffness will cause inc. pressure
50
Non-Compliant arteries will have _______ pulse wave velocity
Higher
51
Source of reflected waves
Bifurcations and diameter changes
52
Relationship of Diastolic Run Off to SVR (Total Peripheral Resistance)
Inverse
53
Central Venous Pressure is equal to (for all intents and purposes)
RA Pressure
54
How can Central Venous Pressure be determined?
Measurement of Jugular Vein Filling | Direct catheterization of the right internal jugular
55
Name the five venous waves
Positive - a,c,v | Negative - x,y
56
Cause of A-Wave
R Atrial Systole
57
Cause of C-Wave
Tricuspid Closes
58
Cause of X-wave
Atrial Relaxation, Early Ventricular Ejection
59
Cause of V-Wave
Increased Pressure from Passive Atrial Filling
60
Cause of Y-Wave
Tricuspid Opens

Cardio (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions